理想與實際工時之契合及其與工作態度之關聯－－跨國社會福利體制之比較

The Associations between the Fit of Desired and Actual Working Time and Work Attitudes: A Comparison between Different Social Welfare Regimes

目的：本研究之目的在於探討理想與實際工時的契合與員工工作態度之關聯，並聚焦於不同福利體制國家之跨國比較。研究設計：本研究利用「國際社會調查計畫」（International Social Survey Program，簡稱ISSP）的資料進行分析，涵蓋九個不同國家具代表性樣本的員工，分別代表四種類型的福利體制：社會民主型（丹麥、瑞典、挪威）、保守型（美國、澳洲）、自由型（法國、德國）、東亞發展型（南韓、台灣），總樣本數為8,525人。研究發現：我們發現理想和實際工時之契合，與員工工作滿意度和組織承諾間有正向關聯。我們藉由羅吉斯迴歸分析（Logistic Regression）發現，相較於東亞發展型福利體制的國家，社會民主型、保守型與自由型的福利制度較能預測員工理想和實際工時之「不契合」。更甚者，在控制了國家層次的勞動法規、福利體制及個人人口背景變項之影響後，個人財務需求（即「想賺少一點」）仍可預測理想與實際工時之不契合。我們更進一步以羅吉斯迴歸分析尋找兩種不同形式之「不契合」的預測因子，發現相較於東亞發展型福利體制，保守型社會福利制度及「想賺少一點」的個人財務需求，都能預測「目前工時多於期望工時」的不契合狀態；另相較於東亞發展型福利體制，社會民主型、保守型、自由型的社會福利制度、及「想賺多一點」的個人財務需求，都能預測「目前工時少於期望工時」的不契合狀態。研究貢獻：本研究使用具代表性的多國樣本來檢視國家福利體制與實際與理想工時契合之間的關聯，這也是第一個跨國性的比較研究。基於本研究之結果，我們建議組織在工時管理的觀念與實務上，應將員工的需求與偏好納入考量，亦顧及本國之福利體制及勞動相關法規，提供員工適當的工作彈性，滿足員工的不同個人需求，俾利提升員工的工作態度。

Purpose: This study explores the association of the fit between desired and actual working hours, with work attitudes, focusing on the cross-national differences in terms of various types of welfare regimes. Design: Secondary analysis was employed using data collected from the International Social Survey Program (ISSP). A total of 8,525 employees from nine different countries were selected to represent four types of welfare regimes: the social democratic welfare (Denmark, Sweden, and Norway), liberal welfare (United States and Australia), conservative corporatist welfare (France and Germany), and the East Asian welfare (Taiwan and South Korea). Findings: We found that the fit between desired and actual working hours was associated with higher job satisfaction and organizational commitment. However, this association did vary across different social welfare regimes. Logistic regression further revealed that compared against the East Asian welfare regime, employees in countries with social democratic, conservative, and liberal welfare systems, were more likely to experience a fit between personal preferences and actual choices of working hours. Furthermore, after controlling for the macro-level social institutional factors and demographics, personal financial needs of ＂wanting to earn less＂ could still predict the state of misfit. Contribution: This is the first study using multiple national representative samples to test the effect of social welfare regimes on the relationship between fit of working hours and work attitudes in a global context. Organizations are thus recommended to address the balance between individual preferences and available choices by supplying multiple options to employees.