法國碳捕捉與封存技術利用立法及實踐

Legislation and Practice of Carbon Capture and Sequestration Technology Utilizes in France

二氧化碳捕捉與封存(CCS)技術已成為零碳化時代各國減排的關鍵技術之一，具有重要的商業價值，同時亦存在重大的安全風險。法國積極發展CCS技術有其特殊的歐盟和國內應對氣候變化政策背景。法國於2010年通過《環境協商法II》，對CCS技術利用規制建立了基本的法律框架，此後2011年10月31日發佈了 2011－1411號應對氣候變化二氧化碳地質封存行政法令，完成了歐盟CCS指令的轉化義務。法國目前已開展了4項CCS研發示範專案，期間，法國多家環境保護協會就CCS專案安全性及許可的合法性向法院提起訴訟。我國應從法國的CCS立法及訴訟實踐中獲得警示，CCS技術利用立法亟待建立，從而明確二氧化碳定性，並以“激勵為主、管制為輔”為立法指導思想，以生命週期理論作為監管的內在邏輯，對公眾參與制度作出專門規定。

In the era of zero carbonation, the CCS technology has become one of the major methods to reduce emission in many countries. It has high commercial value, but also significant safety risk. France has been active in developing the CCS technology, which is set against the projects' background of EU as well as French policy in response to climate change. In 2010, France established a basic legal framework through 'Loi de Grenelle de lEnvironnment II' for regulating the use of CCS technology. On Oct 31, 2011, France issued the decree No 2011-1411 on geological storage of carbon dioxide in response to climate change. This completes their obligation to transform the EU CCS Directive. There are four CCS demonstration projects on research and development in France, since the start of which several environmental protection associations have filed lawsuits in court against the projects' safety and the legality of their permission. The French practice of CCS legislation and litigation shall shed light on the Chinese experience. Legislative framework to regulate the use of CCS technology must be established soon, clearly defining carbon dioxide, which shall be guided by the mentality of 'incentives first, rules second'. Also, the regulations should revolve around the logic of the life cycle theory, and offer specific regime for public participation.