清代北京用煤及其運銷體系

The Marketing and Use of Coal in Beijing during the Qing Dynasty

本文從兩個層面考察清代北京用煤及其運銷體系。首先，是煤炭的運輸層面。長期以來，北京西山的煤業生產、運輸與銷售是分離的。大盤商向礦場買煤之後，用駝獸（騾子或駱駝）運下山，先堆積在他設於交通要道上的煤廠，再運至北京城門附近的煤廠，經由此處販售給北京城中的煤舖。因此，這些煤廠業主都擁有駝隊，山上至山下主要利用騾子，平地則以駱駝為主。但這種運輸方式，費時而運量有限，成本較高。至晚清，開始修築鐵路及高空索道運煤，運輸時間縮短，運輸量則大增。其次，是煤炭的零售與價格層面。北京城內的商家與百姓用煤，主要是向城門附近的煤廠或城內的煤舖購買。隨著乾隆以後煤礦關閉日多，煤價越來越高，用戶對此多有抱怨。而以碎煤渣製成的煤磚，或碎煤渣參雜黃土製成之煤球，在清朝中葉以後，成為普通百姓常用的燃料。

This article examines the use of coal and the coal marketing system in Beijing during the Qing Dynasty from two perspectives. First, the transportation of coal. For a long time, the production, transportation, and sale of coal from Xishan, Beijing were separate. The wholesalers would purchase coal from the miners and use mules or camels to transport coal down the mountains. Coal was first stored in plants located on the main roads and then shipped to coal plants near the city gates of Beijing. Then, coal shops inside the city would purchase coal from these plants. Therefore, coal mine owners all had caravans. They used mules to transport coal down the mountains and used camels to transport coal on flat land. But this mode of transportation was time-consuming and could only transport a limited amount of coal. The cost was high. During the late Qing Dynasty, railways and aerial ropeways were built to transport coal faster and in greater volume. Second, coal retailing and coal prices. Most merchants and residents in Beijing bought coal from coal plants near the city gates or coal shops inside the city. As more and more coal mines were closed during the rule of Emperor Qianlong, coal prices steadily increased, and many people complained about the high prices. After the mid-Qing Dynasty, most people used coal bricks made of crushed coal and coal cinders made of crushed coal and loess.