從環境正義的觀點探討台灣原住民狩獵與國家公園

A Study of Indigenous Hunting and National Parks in Taiwan from a Perspective of Environmental Justice

環境正義的理論源自於美國環境保護的運動。在其發展的過程已經從「自然生態的保護」轉變成「環境風險的公平分配」。而且同樣的理論引用到其他國家後，對於環境正義的範圍會依據不同國家的解釋而所不同。但是環境正義依然能夠喚醒國際社會間尊重各族群與多元文化。不論是種族、保育、自然生態、環境風險的公平分配、居民的程序正義、弱勢族群的傳統生活等等皆是「環境正義」探討的範圍。本研究的目的是依據環境正義的理論基礎來解釋「原住民狩獵」與「國家公園」兩者的衝突。學術文獻顯示，國家公園是國家以「保育」的目的，但卻有發展「經濟」的選擇。台灣也不例外，甚至可以解釋為，國家公園已經限制了原住民的狩獵文化。本研究第一個部分，引用國外文獻來解釋「環境正義」並且如何從環境正義的觀點來探討「原住民狩獵」與「國家公園」。另外，引用研究數據來解釋，國家公園已經限制了原住民的狩獵行為。第二部份是討論「環境正義」的內涵，並列舉了環境正義的原住民研究案例。第三部分是解釋原住民狩獵與國家公園的關係。其次，分析國家公園對原住民制度的形成過程。再者，詮釋兩者的衝突。最後，就環境正義的觀點而言，解決兩者的問題必須透過共管機制來達到永續發展的目標。第四部份是總結學術的成果與實務的問題來提供具體建議。

The theory of environmental justice is derived from the Movement of Environmental Protection in the United States. In the course of its development it has changed from ＂natural ecological protection＂ to ＂equitable distribution of environmental risks＂. The applications of the same theory to other countries vary in terms of the scope of interpretation of environmental justice. Environmental justice, however, inspires international communities to respect all ethnic and cultural diversities, including race, conservations, natural ecology, equitable distribution of environmental risks, procedural justice of residents, disadvantaged groups, traditional life of vulnerable groups. The purpose of this study is based on the theoretical basis of environmental justice to explain the conflict between the practice of indigenous hunting and the establishment of national parks. Previous literature shows that the purpose of national parks is for conservations, but the other choice is for economic development. Taiwan is no exception, even to the extent that the establishment of national parks has restricted the cultural practice of indigenous hunting. Firstly, environmental justice in relation to indigenous hunting and national parks is explained. Secondly, the connotation of ＂environmental justice＂ and case studies of environmental justice of indigenous peoples are cited and discussed. Thirdly, the relationship between indigenous hunting and national parks is explained. Finally, this paper suggests that from a perspective of environmental justice, the conflict can be solved by achieving sustainable developments through co-management mechanism with the suggestions provided by relevant academic research and problem-solving practices.