歐洲中央銀行單一監理機制之研究

The ECB Single Supervisory Mechanism

2008年9月全球金融危機顯示銀行監理的一些重大缺失，尤其許多銀行已從事跨國經營活動，但是監理法規仍侷限在國家層級，無法從事有效的跨國監理。單一監理機制（SSM）乃歐盟針對此一缺失所從事銀行監理體制的重大變革，顯示銀行監理在歐元區的歐盟化。歐洲中央銀行（ECB）於2014年11月4日起取得SSM的專屬職權，負責歐元區重要銀行的直接監理，以及監督參與會員國的監理活動。SSM是歐盟推動銀行聯盟的主要支柱，可能也是鞏固歐洲貨幣同盟與解決歐債危機的轉捩點。據此，SSM對歐盟機構、會員國、銀行部門、歐洲經濟及國際規則等皆將帶來重大深遠影響。本文從法律研究方法，深度分析：SSM的發展背景、政策論證、法律依據、內容範圍、組織架構、決策流程、監理措施、實際操作、行政處罰、配套措施、國際合作等重要議題；同時論證SSM的意涵與影響，比較SSM與臺灣的銀行監理規定與實踐，提出臺灣銀行監理改革的一些具體建議，做為我國將來修法方向之參考。

The global financial crisis of 2008 brought to light many shortcomings of banking supervision in the EU, in particular, the general limitation of banking supervision to the national level and failure to effectively cover trans-national banking activities. The Single Supervisory Mechanism (SSM) is one of the most important reforms undertaken by the EU to address this supervisory failure. This mechanism highlights the Europeanization of banking supervision in the Euro-zone area; under the SSM, the ECB is responsible for the direct supervision of 120 significant bank groups and for guiding the supervisory activities of participating Member States as of 4 November 2014. The SSM is the core pillar of the EU’s banking union, and is seen as critical point of the accomplishment of the European Monetary Union and the resolution of the European debt crisis. If so, the SSM will significantly impact EU institutions, Member States, the banking sector, and the European economy. Based on a legal-study approach, this paper examines the following key issues concerning the SSM: its background, legal framework, scope and contents, institutional mechanisms, decision-making procedures, supervisory measures, practical operations, administrative penalties, supplementary measures, international cooperation. It also discusses the meaning and implications of the SSM, and compares the mechanism with relevant laws and policies in Taiwan, then proposes some suggestions for future banking supervisory reforms in Taiwan.