論無線電波頻率之法律性質 及使用關係－－台灣法與日本之比較研究

On the Legal Meaning of Radio Waves: A Comparative Study of Taiwan and Japan

按司法院釋字第364號及678號解釋，電波為屬於全體國民之公共資源，國家應對電波使用為公平合理之分配。然公共資源之法學內涵及人民使用電波之法律地位，向來並無深入研究。因此，本文分析比較台灣及日本之電波監理制度後，指出我國法體系中，電波作為公共資源之本質，乃是法律透過一般禁止人民任意使用射頻器材發射電磁波之前提下，創造出可供行政進一步分配形塑之「抽象法律關係」，從而制度上應儘量開放人民有效利用電波之機會。本文認為於具體化該「抽象法律關係」時，立法技術上可參考公物法理論，區分為一般使用、許可使用及特許使用，分別設定人民之權利義務，並以直接或間接之一般使用為原則，始能真正因應行動通訊及物聯網蓬勃發展之趨勢。

Judicial Yuan Interpretation NO.364 and NO.678 hold that radio waves are public resources that belong to all nationals and the State should allocate radio frequencies fairly and reasonably. However, the legal meaning of public resources is never defined clearly, so there may arise a question of how to explain the users’ legal status in the age of digital convergence. This paper analyzes the legal meaning of public resources and users’ legal status through a comparison of radio waves regulations in Taiwan and in Japan. It is concluded that the legal meaning of public resources is defined as an abstract legal relationship, where radio waves regulations should first prohibit individuals from using radio waves to make radio frequencies allocable, and then the State can open access to radio waves for individuals under certain conditions. When radio waves regulations allocate and assign radio frequencies, there are three kinds of concrete legal statuses: unlicensed use, licensed use, and exclusive use with special permission. The State must promote unlicensed use in the age of digital convergence.