笙中之簧、非笙中之簧－－漢族口簧琴文獻資料考

Research of Reed Instruments Sheng and Huang-- A Survey of Chinese Documents on Jew’s Harp of the Han-People

漢族文獻資料裡簧常用於笙、竽的樂器代稱，因此在約定成俗之下，簧常被認為是笙、竽樂器裡的簧片。但是當仔細檢視漢族的文獻資料後發現，簧雖然被用於當笙、竽的代名詞，但也有獨立於笙、竽之外的樂器分類，這樣的文獻資料透露出簧這個字單獨存在的隱含意義。最早可以確定口簧琴文獻資料的是西晉葛洪所著的《神仙傳》，內容清楚描述五竹簧的存在，但無法得知是繩口簧或是彈口簧。第一個將口簧琴的外形描繪出來的是宋朝陳暘《樂書》，書裡面繪出三幅有關口簧琴樂器的圖畫：雅簧、竹簧、鐵簧，是漢族文獻資料重要的參考。從「簧」的資料陸陸續續出現於文獻的記錄，其中有將簧歸於笙、竽之類，也有將簧獨立於笙、竽之外的文獻，因此說明笙中之簧與非笙中之簧的概念，才能對漢族口簧琴樂器是否存在，有清楚的輪廓。本文試圖透過漢族文獻資料考證，綜合分析口簧琴與「簧」樂器之間歷史脈絡觀念，及其是否只是笙、竽樂器代名詞的考證，釐出「簧」這個樂器名稱的指示與說明。

The customary meaning of the term Huang（簧）is the reed pipes for the Chinese instrument called the Sheng（笙） or Yu（竽）. Therefore, based on the meaning of this term, it became a code word through usage in Chinese documents. However, through a careful survey of Chinese documents, we can determine various meanings for the code word Sheng or Yu, and thus the word ”Huang” may be interpreted in new contexts. The Deities（神仙傳）by Ge Hong（葛洪）is the earliest confirmed Chinese document to mention the Jew’s harp in the Han-Culture. It specifies that there was a Jew’s harp with five reeds, but it did not define the Jew’s harp as an instrument which sounded through the pulling of twine or plucking the reed. The Book of Music （樂書） by Cheng Young （陳暘） is the first book to depict the Chinese version of the Jew’s harp. There are three Jew’s harp pictures：Yahuang （雅簧）, Jew’s harp with a twine, Juhuang （竹簧）, Jew’s harp made by bamboo, and Tiehuang （鐵簧）, the Jew’s harp made of iron. These are the most important documents regarding the Jew’s harp in the Chinese culture. It is essential to understand the differences of reeds for the Sheng, Yu and Huang in order to get a better understanding about the concept of the existence of the Jew’s harp of the Han-People. This article attempts to do a survey on the relationship between the Jew’s harpand Huang through Chinese documents to show the distinctions among reed instruments such as Huang, Sheng and Yu, besides, we may comprehend the multiple meanings of the word “Huang”.