臺灣地區職業性鉛危害分佈研究

Survey of Occupational Lead Exposure in Taiwan

本研究之目的在於了解國內職業性鉛危害的分佈情形，以為主管單位進行稽查督導以及危害防治計畫之參考。透過進出口資料查詢、相關公會組織及業界之資料提供、近年來勞工暴露資料分析、鉛作業工廠問卷訪視、及專家訪談等過程，獲得結論如下：（1）目前我國每年的鉛進口總量約十萬噸，由於回收處理業的停工與歇業，金屬進口量迅速成長，鉛廢料的進口則大量萎縮。（2）作業場所空氣鉛濃度資料顯示，鉛粉製造業七成以上樣本超過容許濃度標準（0.1mgPb/m3）；其餘依次為鉛酸蓄電池製造業、塑膠安定劑製造業、廢鉛蓄電池回收業、塑膠安定劑之使用、鉛玻璃製造業、電線電纜業、色料與釉藥之製造使用業；以上各業中較顯著鉛暴露作業員工總數約1,500人。電子業、鉛字印刷業與錫鉛鎔鑄業之空氣鉛濃度均低。（3）廢鉛蓄電池回收業有復甦的一天，趁現在整頓環保之際，應同時進行工業衛生的改善；拆船業雖然沒落，但必須將關注目標轉向營建與廢鋼材回收業。（4）職業性鉛危害往往始於疏忽，唯有時時警惕，平日做好整潔、整頓工作，並充分瞭解鉛暴露途徑與防護方法，徹底執行鉛作業之職業衛生總整合（環境與健康偵測），才能將職業性鉛危害降至最低程度。

The survey of actual occupational lead exposures is top priority for an integrated occupational lead exposure study. Major lead related industries in Taiwan were initially listed with respect to the three categories: manufacturing, application, and recycling. Through inquiries, personal factory visits, phone discussions, and subsequent substantiation by the 999 field air lead sampling data in ten industries, the occupations with potential for lead exposure were targeted. Lead powder (PbO and Pb3O2) manufacturing had the highest percentage of unacceptable air lead monitored (73.3% failed with a median of 0.254mg/m3 Pb note: air standard: 0.1mg/m3 Pb). Storage battery and lead stabilizing agents (for PVC and cable) are both industries requiring future supervision for occupational lead exposure. Electronic soldering and the metalized fil, capacitor’s stannous spray are insignificant to the amount of lead in the air. The manufacturing and use of leaded frits and coloring agents, however, still possess potential lead hazards. A comprehensive occupational health program should be put together now while all the storage battery recycling plants in Taiwan are temporarily shut down due to environmental reasons. Although the ship demolition business is dwindling, the lesson learned from the occurrence of lead exposure form touch cutting and abrasive blasting should be remembered and transferred to the similar processes of construction, demolition, and scrap recycling operations. Occupational lead exposure has been reduced by automation, granulation, environmental regulations, market trends, and technological improvements. Awareness of all the possible hazards of lead exposure is also necessary before introducing new technologies or commodities containing lead. Good housekeeping practices and basic industrial hygiene concepts are also essential n minimizing the amount of occupational lead exposure.