當代土耳其政黨政治與伊斯蘭教之研究

A Study on Modern Turkish Party Politics and Islam

土耳其共和國正義暨發展黨受選民的肯定，堪稱中東國家表率，值得吾人重視。早期凱莫爾籌組共和人民黨，他當選首屆土耳其共和國總統。依照憲法，他是國家權力的核心，市民社會顯得被動、受控制與脆弱。二次大戰後執政的共和人民黨引進競爭的政治，允許成立政黨和政治協會，從此一黨制向多黨制轉變。1960年軍方發動政變，取締民主黨。依照軍政府頒佈的新憲法，多黨競爭給予了伊斯蘭主義者有發展的機會，伊斯蘭主義者成立正義黨。1961年正義黨參與聯合政府，1965年的國會選舉，正義黨贏得單獨執政，具有濃厚的伊斯蘭教色彩，成為對抗共和人民黨的主要政治勢力。1990年之後，伊斯蘭教的中產階級顯著增加，新世代的伊斯蘭教運動領導人艾爾多安成立的正發黨，採取溫和立場與實用主義走進公共領域，所以正發黨三度贏得一黨執政。在中東地區，正發黨採取「經濟優先於政治」的政治主張是罕見的，正發黨證明伊斯蘭教和民主政治是相容的。

Turkey's Justice and Development Party (AKP) has attracted voters, called the Middle East's lead. The Party deserves our attention. Kemal formed the Republican people's Party. He was elected the first President. According to the Constitution, he was the core of State power. The civil society is passive, controlled and vulnerable. After the World War II the ruling Republican people's party introduced competing political, allowing the formation of political parties and political associations. Therefore Turkey developed from the one-party system to a multi-party system. After the 1960 military coup d'etat, the Democratic Party was abolished. According to the junta's new Constitution, multi-party competition gave the Islamists the opportunity for development. Islamists set up the Justice Party. In 1961 the Justice Party took part in the coalition government. In 1965 parliamentary election, the Justice party governed alone, and had strong Islamic color. It became major political forces against the Republican people's Party. After the 1990 the Islamic middle classes increased significantly, the new generation of leaders in the Islamist movement, Erdogan set up the AKP. He adopted a moderate stance and pragmatic way. So the AKP enjoyed three times for a second term in power. In the Middle East, ＂the economy takes precedence over political＂ of the AKP is rare. The AKP has proved that Islam and democracy are compatible.