唐代三司制度研究－－以案例為中心的分析

San-Si 三司 in the Tang Dynasty: A Preliminary Study Based on the Cases

唐代司法體系首創之三司制度，顧名思義即是以三種機構共同會商處理特定司法案件。然而礙於史料闕漏，現存相關記載錯雜，三司制度的實質原貌難以釐清，使得三司的組成及其制度運作方式均成為學界爭議焦點。本文首先就典籍可徵之三司制度內容作出整理，其後又透過相關案例進行分析。太宗時朝臣會審太子承乾謀反案為三司制度的雛型，正式制度則成形於高宗一朝，由中書、門下暨御史臺組成的三司受事不單處理上表詞訟，更可審理大獄。而三法司構成之三司推事亦同時出現於高宗朝，然而在武后掌權時期，三司受事仍多次鞫推重要獄案，朝臣亦將中書門下組成的三司機構視為審訊推案重心。玄宗朝為三司制度轉變的過渡階段，直到天寶年間三司審訊似乎仍無定制。安史亂後，肅宗命主要出身於刑部、大理寺與御史臺等法司職官組成三司使處理陷賊官員案，三司制度使職化趨勢就此逐步展開。德宗即位初年可說是三司制度再次的轉換過渡期，三司使先是改由中書門下兩省與御史臺職官擔任，不久值以三法司充任，並成為臨時鞫案機制，聽憑詔命遣發。三司由於不具穩定的制度依據，成員多屬被動受詔參鞫獄案，獄案發落常受實際政治情勢左右，於是當政局內鬥傾軋劇烈時，司法獨立公正性便頗受裁抑。

As implied by the name, San-Si (three administrations) is a special legal system during the Tang dynasty that judges case by three administrations. We can find many ways of saying this legal system in the documents, like San-Si Shou-Shi 三司受事, San-Si Tuei-Shi 三司推事and San-Si Shi 三司使 etc,. But due to the lack of historical materials, the composition and function of San-Si becomes an issue. On the basis of historical materials, this research makes a textual study of the changes in the composition of San-Si in Tang Judicature in different periods, and tries to find out the reason for the change. Through a preliminary study based on the cases, we can realize the development of politics in Tang dynasty mastering the system of Tang judicature, including the imperial power and the conflict between bureaucracy and eunuch.