吳康齋的生活與學術

The Life and Learning of Wu Yu-pi

吳與弼康齋(1392～1469)為明代理學開山人物。本文以全部《康齋集》為依據來考訂其生活與學術。在生活上，對其勤學、教學、農牧、閒逸與出遊有詳細的描寫，以見其一生學不厭教不倦，超脫艱困而得生活之趣的高尚人格。在學術上，則分聖賢之學、書本之學、文藝之學、經世之學各方面來論述。在學問上康齋雖只是複述程朱的主敬窮理說，以及一些生活性的話題，然而他卻能深入體會其中的意味，並將心提升為核心概念，從而開啟有明一代的理學。康齋在理學家中詩作較多而且認真，詩是其學與教的重要項目，而他對宋儒意境的體會也接近於詩的方法。

This article describes the life and learning of Wu Yu-pi (1392-1469), the founder of Ming Neo-Confucianism. Taking the Complete Works of Wu Yu-pi as a basis, the author extends his study to the whole scope of Wu's life and learning. Concerning this thinker's life, the author describes in detail Wu's diligent study, tireless education, peasant and shepherd life, and leisure and travel, in order to show a noble character who insisted on life-long study and teaching, and transcended hardships to taste the joy of life. As for learning, the author discusses Wu's research into sages, books, belles-lettres, and practical affairs. In philosophy Wu achieved no more than to reiterate “holding fast to seriousness and investigation of things,” and some practical instructions for living from Sung Neo-Confucianism. But through his deep understanding of their significance, as well as his elevation of mind-heart to the central place of philosophy, he originated Ming Neo-Confucianism. Among Neo-Confucianists, Wu is the one who composed poetry diligently and abundantly. Poetry is an important subject in his study and teaching. In some cases, his approach to the meaning of Neo-Confucianism may be said to be a poetic method.