論莊子之齊物觀

Chuang Tzu’s Views on 'Making All Things Equal”

莊子之齊物觀，自然以內篇第二〈齊物論〉為主。惟〈齊物論〉是否保存莊子原貌，不能無疑。如其中「夫道未始有封」下，陸德明《釋文》引崔譔云：「〈齊物〉七章，此連上章，而班固說在外篇。」據《漢書•藝文志•道家類》，稱「《莊子》五十二篇。」今傳《莊子》，乃晉郭象刪定之本，是三十三篇。班固說「夫道未始有封」章在外篇，當然就不在內篇〈齊物論〉中。又〈齊物論〉中有一章：「故昔者堯問於舜曰：『我欲伐宗、膾、胥敖，南面而不釋然，何也？』舜曰：『夫三子者，猶存乎蓬艾之間，若不釋然，何哉？昔者十日並出，萬物皆照，而況德之進乎日者乎！』」意在重德化而不重討伐。與〈齊物論〉內容似不相關。即免強解釋為宗、膾、胥敖三國蠻夷之君，本安於蓬艾卑賤之地，不必加以討伐。破除文明、野蠻之執著，亦可符合「齊物」之義。然前一章，即「夫道未始有封」章，論知止其所不知問題，與後一章，即「齧缺問乎王倪」章， 論知與不知問題。文意正相含接。「故昔者堯問於舜」章雜廁其問，與前後兩章文意遂隔絕，然則此章是否原在〈齊物論〉篇中，不能無疑。因此，據今傳〈齊物論〉，以討論莊子之齊物觀，須得借用《莊子•庚桑楚篇》一句話：「欲當則緣於不得已。」即在不得已之情況下求其論之成理 而已。

Focusing on the chapter “Ch’i-wu lun” (“Discussion on Making All Things Equal” or “The Equality of Things”) with all references to ch’i-wu in other chapters as supplement, this paper analyzes Chuang Tzu’s concept of ch’i-wu and argues that it means chiefly “forgetting of the self,” “abolishment of judgment,” and “transformation of things. ” This paper concludes by stating that among the pre-Ch’in philosophers who deal with the concept of ch’i-wu, Chuang Tzu has the most thorough and comprehensive views, for his are not abstract notions but experiential derivations.