明人「恐倭」心理之初探－－以嘉靖倭亂後的福建為例

The Research of People in Fujian Fear Japanese in Ming Dynasty

從明初建國起，中、日雙方便因沿海倭患問題而彼此關係不睦，明人「疑倭」的想法此時便已開始滋生。加上，明政府海禁政策和朝貢貿易等失當的措置，導致中日間走私猖獗、倭人來華劫掠……等問題頻生，亦讓一般人對日本和倭人多充滿負面的觀感和評價。尤其是，嘉靖年間爆發全面性的倭寇之亂，不僅東南諸省皆受其害，不僅倭人手段殘暴，而且又歷時十餘年，本文探討主題的福建地區便即受害十分地嚴重。之後，雖然大規模倭亂已為平息，但倭人劫掠沿海問題卻未完全斷絕，加上，萬曆時又爆發日本侵略朝鮮、控制琉球以及窺伺臺灣……等一連串可能危害明帝國安全之情事。而上述的這些問題，不僅讓明人先前疑倭的想法更加地強烈，同時，亦加深他們對倭人仇厭和畏懼的心理，而且，上述的疑倭、厭倭和懼倭三種心態又糾結在一起，彼此相互地影響之下，便形成了嘉靖倭亂之後明人特有對倭人恐慌的「恐倭」心理，而此一現象，在曾遭受過倭害地區的民眾（或其子孫），似乎亦特別地明顯。

After Ming Empire's foundation, Japanese impressed Chinese badly because of Japanese pirates robbery and the smuggling trade problems. Especially Japanese pirates robbery and murder in China's southeast coast since 1552 AD, not only the brutality also the time was more than a decade, Fujian people was suffered seriously and arose the fear of Japanese. Afterwards, Chinese distrusted Japanese because of their aggression in Korean Peninsula, Ryukyu Islands and Taiwan. In sum, the long-term unfriendly relations between Chinese and Japanese, Chinese existed the disbelief, hatred, and dread thinking was particularly obvious in Fujian of the late Ming Dynasty.