臺灣日治時期建築防制白蟻研究成果探討——以大島正滿團隊與栗山俊一之研究為主

THE ACHIEVEMENTS OF RESEARCH OF TERMITES PREVENTION ON BUILDINGS DURING JAPANESE COLONIAL PERIOD IN TAIWAN: THE RESEARCH OF OSHIMA MASAMITSU’S GROUP AND KULIYAMA SHUNICHI

建築如何預防與抑制白蟻是日本殖民建築在臺灣氣候環境中所面臨的考驗之一。日治時期日本與臺灣諸多白蟻的研究中，與臺灣殖民建築最為相關者為大島正滿團隊與栗山俊一。從1909年（明治42年）到1917 年（大正6年）之間，在大島正滿團隊所發表的六回白蟻調查報告之中，從臺灣白蟻對建築破壞特徵的建立、防蟻劑的研發、木材耐蟻性質的研究、引進生物性防蟻法的嘗試等方面均奠定了卓越的基礎。藉由生物學的研究，建立了系統化的建築防蟻策略。在構造法上，大島正滿獲得總督府技師森山松之助、近藤十郎等人的協助，在防蟻混凝土與混凝土樓版的設置、砂漿的改良、混凝土樓版構法的改良、壁體防蟻砂漿的塗抹與通風採光窗的設置等提出了許多重要的建議。1929年（昭和4年）到1935年（昭和10年）間栗山俊一對於白蟻研究，證實了水泥砂漿被白蟻物理性破壞的情形，並且藉由實驗建立了臺灣數十種木材耐蟻性的資料。本研究利用文獻回顧的方式，系統化整理兩者在建築防制白蟻研究的內容與成果，進一步比較兩者研究具有不同時空條件下關注內容的差異、研究規模的差異等。在成就方面，大島正滿團隊所建立的營建防蟻策略與構造法，對於日治時期建築產生劃時代的影響，而栗山俊一的研究成果則是檢視水泥砂漿的防蟻功能， 與提供建築界使用耐蟻木材的參考標的。

One of the challenges of Japanese colonial architecture in Taiwan that arose from the environment is how to prevent termites. There were a lot of termite research in Japan and Taiwan during Japanese colonial period, and the most important research concerning architecture were conducted by Oshima Masamitsu（大島正滿）’s group and Kuliyama Shunichi（栗山俊一）. Oshima Masamitsu’s group completed six volumes of reports from 1909 to 1917. Their contributions included the exposition of features of buildings destroyed by termites, the research of termite-preventing medicine, the research of the endurance of woods from termites, attempt of bringing in the creature to kill termites. They systematized the stratagems to prevent termites for buildings based on biology of termites. Oshima Masamitsu receiced the help from Moriyama Matsunosuke（森山松之助） and Kondo Shiro（近藤十郎）, who were the architects of Taiwan Governor-Genera’s Office（臺灣總督府）. They established the termite-preventing constructions, including using reinforced concrete floor and termite-preventing concrete slab, improvement of mortar, improvement of reinforced concrete floor, laid cement mortar on the brick wall and setting the windows to bring in air and light. Another important research was completed by Kuliyama Shunichi from 1929 to 1935. He verified the situation of cement mortar destroyed by termites.He also established the data of the endurance of woods from termites. This research systematized the contents and achievements of Oshima Masamitsu’s group and Kuliyama Shunichi by reviewing the documents. This research also found their differences which were the concern and scope of contents. The stratagems to prevent termites for buildings and the termite-preventing constructions, which were accomplished by Oshima Masamitsu’s group, largely influenced the development of Japanese colonial architecture in Taiwan. The achievements of Kuliyama Shunichi were reviewing the function of termite-preventing cement mortar, and establishing the information of the endurance of woods from termites for architects.