兒童遊戲場墜落因子之探討

Investigating Fall Factors on the Playground

兒童遊戲場具有十分重要的教育功能，其中滑梯及攀爬架是遊戲場中最普遍之設施，也是最多墜落事故及造成嚴重傷害之設施，為避免墜落事故的發生，遊戲設施於設計與安裝時應避免可能之危險因子。本研究抽樣30家台南市立案之公私立幼稚園與托兒所，探討兒童遊戲場中滑梯及攀爬架之設計與安裝參數；量測項目包括可能發生墜落之位置與墜落高度、墜落範圍及周遭鋪面之性質等。結果顯示：滑梯高達93%之滑出段出口距離地面高度不及22cm，造成使用時兒童動線之不順暢，易發生彼此衝撞之事故；高達73%之滑出段長度小於0.2倍之滑槽總長度，兒童容易於滑槽末端發生衝撞之意外；滑槽入口及中間平台發生墜落事故比例可能高達87%，滑槽入口設計應著重如何使兒童保持身體平衡、做好彎身屈膝之預備動作及滑槽入口兩側之圍籬，中間平台應著重欄杆之間縫及欄杆排列之設計。滑梯之墜落高度超過國家標準之上限規定者達67%；44%之滑梯與攀爬架之安全墜落範圍小於150cm之最低要求。國內將近半數兒童遊戲場使用危險之鋪面材料，增加兒童發生跌倒事故及撞擊時頭部與四肢之傷害性，而使用最多之橡膠地磚其吸收衝擊性能卻普遍不足；因此我國亟需制訂鋪面吸收衝擊能力之檢測標準，以督促廠商設計安全之鋪面及提供使用業主選購之依據。

Slides and climbers are the most popular equipment on the playground. However, falls from playground equipment are the most common cause of accidents on the playground. To prevent falls by children, all probable danger factors should be eliminated during equipment setup. We studied 30 playgrounds at kindergartens in Tainan city to investigate the safety of slides and climbers. The surveyed parameters for each piece of equipment included areas where falls could occur, maximum fall height, use zone and protective surfacing. The results showed that in 93% of slides, the distance between the exit area of chute and protective surfacing was less than 22 cm. This could increase the difficulties in balance and smooth transition from sitting to standing. In 73% of slides, the proportion of exit region and slide chute length was less than 0.2. This could increase the incidence of impact between child and surface. Eighty-seven percent of slides had dangerous spaces or gaps between the platform and the start of the slide chute. A protective barrier to safeguard the area where the child gets into a sitting position should be required to decrease the risk of falls. Sixty-seven percent of slides had a maximum fall height which exceeded the criterion （180cm） of Chinese National Standard 12642, and 44% of the use zone of both slides and climbers was less than the minimum criterion （150 cm）. Half of the playgrounds had improper surfacing materials under and around the equipment. This could increase the incidence of head injuries and other accidents. Rubber tile was the most common protective surfacing, however, it has insufficient impact-absorbing capability to prevent head injuries. A test code for assessment of the shock-absorbing capability of surfacing is required in Taiwan to promote installation and purchase of safe surfacing materials.