梅毒．妓女．山歸來－－十七～十八世紀東亞貿易文化交流之一環

Syphilis, Prostitutes, Smilax Glabra: East Asian Trade and Cultural Exchanges during the 17th and 18th Centuries

本文以多元的視角做為框架，研究十七～十八世紀的中國和日本之間的貿易關係。本文參考的史料主要為十七～十八世紀荷蘭聯合東印度公司在日本長崎的出島商館長們，記錄來自中國之戎克船所搭載商品數量，再加上東、西方已出版的史料及專書，連結本文三個部分梅毒、感染梅毒的妓女以及土茯苓。五百年前，梅毒從歐洲傳染到亞洲，又迅速蔓延到中國及日本。因為梅毒是一種性傳播疾病，中國和日本的妓女成為首當其衝的受害者，並立即又從受害者變成加害者。此時，許多中國戎克船搭載大量的漢藥Sankirai賣到日本。Sankirai是日本人對它的稱呼，其中文名稱是Tufuling，它的學名是土茯苓。從船載商品中，我發現許多中國戎克船販售大量的土茯苓到日本。在青黴素問世之前，有效地治療梅毒方法是用水銀療法，中國古代醫書的記載中，土茯苓可以減輕水銀治療帶來的疼痛，因此近代東亞，土茯苓與汞治療梅毒是常見的事。本文的貢獻是重建一個傳播疾病和醫療信息交流之貿易網絡，並提供另一種方式來觀察在十七～十八世紀中國和日本之間的貿易關係。

This paper proposes a new pluralistic perspective as a framework for the analysis of trade relations between China and Japan in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It's primarily relies on records of the Chinese junk trade kept by the V.O.C. in Japan, and also relies on published Eastern and Western historical materials to connect three part of analysis in this paper, namely syphilis, the prostitutes infected with syphilis, and Smilax Glabra. Five hundred years ago, syphilis was spread from Europe to Asia, then spread quickly from China to Japan. Because syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease, the prostitutes of China and Japan became the first victims, and immediately turned from victims into victimizers. At the same time, a lot of Chinese junks loaded the medicine Sankirai to Japan. The medicine Sankirai is a Japaness name, its Chinese name is Tufuling, and its scientific name is Smilax Glabra. I show that many Chinese junks sold a lot of Smilax Glabra to Japan. Before the advent of Penicillin, the effective treatment of syphilis was mercury. According Chinese ancient medical books, Smilax Glabra can relieve pain of the mercury treatment. In modem East Asia, Smilax Glabra with mercury treatment of syphilis was a common. The main contribution of this paper is that it reconstructs a new trade network by diseases transmitted and medical information exchange, and offers another way of observation to the trade relations between China and Japan in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.