南宋地方荒政中朝廷、路與州軍的關係－－以朱熹、陳宓、黃震為例

The Relationships of the Court, Lu, and County at Local Famine-Relief in Southern Song Dynasty- take Chu-Xi, Chen-Mi and Huang-Cheng for Example

學界對於宋代路與州軍的關係，往往從絕對的上下權力關係理解。本文試圖以朱熹（1130-1200）知南康軍、陳宓（1171-1230）知南康軍、南劍州以及黃震（1213-1280）知撫州期間，在處理災荒問題時，與路、朝廷之間的公文、書信往來，討論南宋地方荒政中，朝廷、路與州軍之間的關係。從本文中，可以看到州軍主要求援的對象是朝廷，路級司次之，並觀察到三個特色。首先，在公文呈遞的程序上，州軍──朝廷與州──軍──路──朝廷兩個系統是並行不悖的。對於朝廷而言，這樣的公文系統，可以確保州軍或路不致於壟斷地方的情況，路級司在其中的作用是查核保明州軍呈報災情的可靠性，並提出建議。朝廷並分別依州軍、路級司的報告，作為決策的的依據。其次，當州軍與且各級司意見不同時，朝廷發佈的省劄，就成為重要的依據。第三，官司之間公文的呈遞往往伴隨著長官個人的書信，顯示私人關係在公務運作上，仍有相當大的影響。從本文的討論來看，路級司與州軍之間，不一定是絕對的上下權力關係，在某些事項上，州軍與路級司享有同等的地位，仍有待更進一步的研究。

Most of the present studies consider the relationship between the local governments in Dynasty of South Song, ”lu” (路) and ”county” or ”Zhou Jun” (州軍), as the power relation of the supervisor and the supervised. This study attempts to take Chu-Xi (朱熹, 1130-1200) in Nankang Jun (南康軍), Chen-Mi (陳宓, 1171-1230) in Nankang Jun (南康軍) and Nanjian Zhou (南劍州), and Huang-Zheng (黃震, 1213-1280) in Fu-Zhou (撫州) for example, to discuss the relationship of the Court, Lu, and County during a period of famine. There are three features observed in this study: First, in the official documents submission procedures, County-Court and County-Lu-Court are coexistent. Second, The Court's Order (省箚) are very important when the county does not share the same opinion with Lu. Third, when documents are exchanged between units, personal letters to the officers of units are often attached. In my opinion, the relationship of Lu and Conuty are not necessarily a power relation between the supervisor and the supervised. In some situations, County and Lu may hold equal status, which however requires more studies to prove it.