香港所藏「松人」解除木牘與漢晉墓葬之禁忌風俗

Hong Kong Collection of 'Songren' Releasing Bamboo Tablets and Taboos Custom of Burial Rituals during Hanjin Dynasties

本文圍燒香港中文大學所藏「松人」解除木牘，結合漢晉之季地下出土實物及傳世文獻，對該時期民間社會中流行的墓葬禁忌等風俗給予考察和梳理，並對木牘有關釋文之含義予以探討。這枚木牘正面中心位置凸刻墨繪一人形輯手偶人，偶人四周及木牘背面、側面均有朱書文字、計約三百三十八字，為目前考古發現中最長、最完整的解除文。這枚木牘所繪輯手偶人上記「松人」二字，且四周所題文字中多次出現「松人」、「柏人」字樣，其質地以古人相信有神祕力量的松柏等木料製成，所刻偶人是被用作「代厄」之物，來代替生人和死者承受責罰或注連。木牘文字涉及建除、神煞、月象、四時等諸多禁忌內容，主要是圍繞「重復」、「拘校」與「解除」而展開，並借助「天帝使者」的名義來強調此次解除活動的權威性和有效性。簡言之，這枚偶人木牘及其所記文字均充分反映出漢晉時人舉行喪葬儀式時所刻意避免的諸多禁，已內容，從中也可看出其所受早期道教影響之痕跡。

This paper focused on ”Songren”(松人) releasing bamboo tablets which is collected in the Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK), combined unearthed relics and masterpieces of literature, observed and reviewed the popular civil burial customs and taboos of HanJin dynasties, also discussed about the meaning of the text explained on bamboo tablets. While in the center of this tablet face, convexly carved an ink painting human figure with hands folded in front, around the figure and on the back and lateral sides of the tablet were written about 338 Chinese characters. Until now this is the longest and the most complete releasing (unchaining) tomb inscription to the archaeological discoveries. On the body of the human figure was painted a word, read ”Songren” (松人), besides, in surrounding word of the figure, the words ”Songren” (松人) and ”Boren” (柏人) appeared many times also. The tablets were made by pine or cypress which the ancients believed have the mysterious force. The human figure was used as a burdening disaster item, to replace to bear chastisement or implicated of the living and the deceased. All the characters on bamboo tablets involved Jianchu (建除), Shensha (神煞), Yuexiang (月象), sishi (四時) and some other taboos, mainly centered on ”repeat” (重複), ”revise” (拘校) and ”release” (解除), and in the name of ”Heaven envoy” (天帝) emphasized the authority and effectiveness of this releasing activities. To be brief, this piece of bamboo tablet and its recordation were fully described lots of taboos that the Han people deliberately avoided with during the funeral ceremony. It also showed the impact of early stage Taoism.