關於設立5‧12汶川地震受害者補償基金的建議－－從美國9‧11受害者補償基金制度中獲得的啟示

Some Opinions about Creating the May 12th Earthquake Victim Compensation Fund-- What We Could Learn from the September 11th Victim Compensation Fund

在5‧12災後恢復重建過程中，地震受害者損害賠償問題不能忽視。美國9‧11受害者補償基金制度是一項介於行政程序與司法程序之間的准司法制度，雖然存在一些法理上的爭議，但它有效地解決了受害者的訴求，挽救了瀕臨破產的美國航空業和保險業，化解了美國政府的政治危機。中國5‧12汶川地震受害者通過應急救助體系獲得了 一定程度的社會救助、撫恤和撫慰，但仍然存在較多的個性化訴求。中國可以在一定程度上借鑒美國9‧11補償基金模式，建立5‧12汶川地震受害者補償基金，為受害者設計一個兜底性質的補償方案。5‧12補償基金及其分配方案，由行政部門會商審判機關制定，並由審判機關組建的特別法庭進行個案終局裁決和執行。這一機制的建立，將為受害人遭受的經濟與非經濟損害提供及時、便捷的補償，彌補保險業功能不足，挽救面臨大規模訴訟風險的建築、教育和醫療等特定行業，緩解社會矛盾，維持社會秩序穩定，並維護中國的法治形象。

During the reconstruction process after the occurrence of China 5•12 earthquake, the issue of compensation for the quake victims should be handled seriously. The September 11th Victim Compensation Fund of 2001 created a sui generis conflation of administrative and judicial regime. The fund has aroused doctrinal debates, however through the fund, the demands of the victims have been satisfied, the airline industry and insurance industry have been saved from bankruptcy and the U. S. A. government has been rescued from the political crisis. To some extent, the emergent relief system has offered assistance to the victims of China 5•12 quake, yet the victims still have potential claims individually. It is better for China to learn from the experience of the September 11th Victim Compensation Fund and create the May 12th Victim Compensation Fund, which has to play a role of the final compensational resort. Administrative agencies and courts shall work cooperatively to set the rules for the creation of the May 12th Victim Compensation Fund and its distribution. Special court should be established to solve the disputes over the operation of the fund. The May 12th Victim Compensation Fund will compensate the economic and non¬economic loss of the victims expediently, overcome the limits of the functions the insurance industry could play, insulate the construction industry, educational organizations and hospitals from the massive litigation, alleviate the social conflicts, maintain the social order, and safeguard the Chinese government the image of rule of law.