民法調整對象的理論檢討與立法表達

Review and Legislative Expression on Theory of Object of Civil Law

在我國，民法調整對象理論是歷史與特殊國情的產物。“平等主體關係說”是在公、私法區分這一基礎上提出的，這一立法表達對我國民事立法具有重要意義，宜在民法典總則中予以保留。就民法調整對象的具體範圍而言：第一，因為人格乃人之一般法律地位，自然人之人格由憲法規定而非由民法規定，故而人格法律關係非為民法的調整對象；第二，國家並不是民事主體，國家因其直接支配財產而發生的財產關係不屬於民法的調整對象；第三，農村集體所有權長期以來與農村集體所有制相對應，造成農村集體所有權虛置，應將兩者相分離，並將農村集體所有權設計為一種特殊的共有權，隨著社會發展，城鎮集體所有權將不復存在；第四，因為非法人團體不是權利義務的實際承擔者，只具有形式上的主體資格，所以非法人團體並不包括在平等主體的範圍內。在參照主要大陸法系國家和地區的立法例，並比較各草案的優劣基礎之上，認為我國民法調整對象的立法表達應為：中華人民共和國民法調整民事主體之間的財產關係和基於婚姻、親屬產生的身份關係。

In China, the theory of civil law object was a product of history and special realities of the country. The theory of relationship between subjects with equal status based on distinction between public law and private law, this legal expression be of great significance to civil legislation in China. Thus, it should be retain in general part of civil code. Some conclusion can be reached in term of scope of civil law object. The first, because personality is the general legal status vested to a nature person by constitution. The personality is on the ground of constitution rather than the civil law, so personality legal relation is not the object of civil law. The second, essentially, the country is not a subject of civil, and the property relationship due to country direct disposal of its property not belongs to civil law object. The third, historically, rural collective proprietary right is impracticable because rural collective proprietary right must corresponds to rural collective ownership. It should separate each other to construct a special right of common. With the development of society, Urban collective ownership will be no longer exists. The fourth, The unincorporated body just a type of subject in form but not the actual holders of rights and obligations, so unincorporated body can not be considered as a type of equal subject in civil law. On the reference of instance of legislation of main civil law countries and region and the compare of each draft civil code of China compiled by scholars, legal expression of civil law object of China should be: The Civil Law of the P. R. C. shall adjust property relationships and personal relationships which based on marriage and kin between civil subjects, that is, between legal persons and between citizens and legal persons.