先秦「一國多名」現象芻議－－兼論曾、隨二名之關係

On the Phenomenon ＂One State with Several Names＂ in Pre-Qin Times, with a Discussion of the Relationship between the Two Names Zeng and Sui

「一國多名」指同一國家在文獻有二種以上名號。先秦典籍及出土材料「一國多名」者有「晉／唐／翼」、「楚／荊／郢」、「州／淳于」、「鮮虞／中山」、「吳／干／邗」、「魏／梁／晉」、「趙／晉／邯鄲」、「韓／鄭」等八例。八則「一國多名」之例，代替正式國名之代稱皆為地名，分「國都名」及「其他地名」。「國都名」代稱僅見「他稱」，不見「自稱」；「其他地名」代稱，「他稱」及「自稱」皆可使用。以「國都名」代稱某國，有縮限一國疆域，僅指國都，有降低該國為都邑層級之意，抑制輕視意味濃厚，故「國都名」代稱僅見「他稱」而不用於「自稱」。「其他地名」指涉範圍皆廣於該國實際領土，有誇耀國威之意，可為一國「他稱」及「自稱」。本文認同曾、隨為一國二名之說，依文獻資料證明曾為正式國名，隨為曾國國都名。曾國臣服楚國，為楚國附庸，故楚國以曾國國都名稱之，以輕抑曾國地位。至於目前所見曾國自製青銅器，皆以正式國名曾為「自稱」，未見以隨為「自稱」者，應是曾國不願自我矮化與降格，故不以「國都名」為「自稱」。至於楚、曾關係，筆者推測兩國可能因世代通婚，故楚國刻意保存曾國，終春秋之世，乃至戰國早期後段，仍見曾國。雖楚、曾通婚，身為盟主的楚國仍以曾國國都隨稱之，以凸顯二國地位懸殊，彰顯霸主與附庸關係。

＂One state with several names＂ refers to the fact that the same state appears with different names in ancient texts. In the pre-Qin books and unearthed materials, there are eight such examples: ＂Jin, Tang, and Yi,＂ ＂Chu, Jing, and Ying,＂ ＂Zhou and Chunyu,＂ ＂Xianyu and Zhongshan,＂ ＂Wu, Gan, and Han,＂ ＂Wei, Liang and Jin,＂ ＂Zhao, Jin, and Handan＂ and ＂Han and Zheng.＂ In these eight examples, the variant names are geographical names that can further be divided into capital names and other geographical names. Capital names are used by other states, not for selfreference, while other geographical names can be used by other states and the state itself. Using capital names belittles the states concerned: both their territory and status. That is why they are only used by other states, but not by the states themselves. Using other geographical names, on the other hand, is a way to boost the territorial size of the concerned states. That is why they are used both by other states and the states themselves. This paper supports the theory that Zeng and Sui refer to the same state. Zeng is the formal name of the state, and Sui its capital name. Zeng surrendered its autonomy to Chu; therefore Chu referred to Zeng as ＂Sui＂ so as to diminish its status. Bronze wares made by Zeng bear its formal name ＂Zeng,＂ rather than ＂Sui,＂ for the abovementioned reason. With regard to the relationship between Chu and Zeng, this author believes that the two states were related through marriages over generations, therefore Chu let Zeng continue to exist as an independent state at least until the late Spring and Autumn and early Warring States times. Although Chu and Zeng were related by marriages, Chu continued to refer to Zeng as ＂Sui,＂ so as to show its supremacy and dominance over Zeng.