跨越國界的對外貿易－－以五代王閩為例

Cross-border Ocean Commerce: An Example of Min Kingdom in the Five Dynasties

2013習近平提出「一帶一路」的構思，其中一路的觀念，本文以十國的閩來做說明。五代十國，商業的發展十分快速，海外貿易極其興盛，建有許多靠著海外貿易收入立國的政權，尤其東南建國的吳越國、閩國、（南）漢國，貿易風氣較為開放，也牽絆著政治的軌跡，不論國際貿易、朝貢貿易，在歲入中顯然格外重要，王閩是其中之一。本文以王閩作為研究的實例，予以討論。王閩，建政權於福州，而甘棠港是福州重要的口岸，也是王審知肇始的貿易商港；大致上，當時的貿易，建構了北起東北亞的契丹、渤海、朝鮮半島諸國、日本列島諸國，南至東南亞的南海沿岸諸國，甚至遠達今大西洋沿岸諸國。海外貿易總會遇海難、海戰，也有君主藉貿易誇富，或選擇性避難，南洋通常是一個重要的選項，而且，商業有極大的風險，也有驚人的獲利。架構遼闊的海洋貿易網路，崇尚商人的冒險性格（譬如今閩南語彙中，顯然歌頌「海」，較不肯定「山」），主宰了這個地區的未來發展，也決定了這個地區的商業命運，為未來的兩宋，海外貿易和海外拓殖，建立有利條件。

The commercial activities, especially the ocean commerce, developed very fast during the period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. There were many powers which relied on ocean commerce established in Southeast China, such as Wuyue Kingdom, Min Kingdom, (South) Han Kingdom, where trading was popular and encouraged, and employed the political situation. The ocean commerce might played a political role in these powers. Therefore, this paper is to explore how it affected political situation, taking the Min Kingdom by Wang Shenchi as anexample. Min Kingdom established at Fu Zhou, where located the important Kantang harbor. The oversea trade through Kangtang harbor brought the King Wang Shenchih annual revenue and resources that sponsored his political power. Ocean commerce of those days also subsidized many kingdoms along coast of China from north to south: Khitan, Balhae, and kingdoms in the Korean Peninsula, Japan archipelago and in the South China Sea, and even far reached to those along the Atlantic Ocean. Shipwrecks and naval battles had happened, whereas kings had showed off wealth or been forced to find shelter here or there in wartime. Commerce conveys huge risk but generates amazing revenue as well. In their tradition, people of Min Kingdom appreciated the sea much more than the mountain. The trade net in the vast oceanic domain and promotion of businessmen's taking risk both deployed the future and the commercial destiny of this place. It also laid a profit foundation for the ocean commerce of Song Dynasty in the coming century.