| 中文摘要 |
黨參具補中益氣，和脾胃，除煩渴之功效，為常用中藥。該藥明以前歷代諸家本草均未見記載，亦無該植物附圖可資比對。殆清代後，始見黨參收錄於各醫藥典籍。初步文獻探索，歷年來對於黨參首載之醫藥著作為何，諸多專家學者各有不同看法及依據。「上黨人參」之名，造成後世對於黨參、人參於本草中來源植物究竟為何紛爭。1981年日本教授柴田承二，提出張仲景和鑒真時代所用的人參是桔梗科黨參的觀點，全盤否定了中國應用人參的悠久歷史。本研究利用本草古籍及中醫藥資料庫比對查證方式，從藥材來源植物原生之地理環境、原植物形態、歷代藥材朝貢制度及日本現今收藏最古老人參標本驗證等四方面進行考察。證實清代吳儀洛所著本草從新（1757）應為黨參最早且最為詳實之黨參收載紀錄。由黨參與人參用名之探討，唐以前本草所記載之人參應為五加科植物人參無誤，但唐代至明代間似無嚴格區分使用，迄至本草從新後，黨參之正、偽始有詳實鑑別。本研究旨在正本清源，真藥實用，鑿誤用之源。希冀給予未來研究黨參藥材者，有溯源推本之用。Radix Codonopsis (Campanulaceae), commonly known as Dangshen or Tangshen, is a popular traditional Chinese crude drug, used clinically to supplement the body, boost vital energy, improve poor appetite and digestive disturbance, eliminate vexation and thirst by CTM doctors. All the existing ancient Chinese medical or pharmaceutical books before Ming Dynasty have no record of Dangshen. Surprisingly, after the middle Ching Dynasty, Dangshen was almost embodied in every Pentsaological (medicinal) book. Hence it becomes an interesting issue to ascertain that which book listed Dangshen first? It is very likely that due to the preferable produce of ginseng-'Shang-Dang-Ren-Shen' (上黨人 參) described in 'Pen-Tsao-Gan-Mu-Se-I (本草綱目拾遺)', Dangshen or Ginseng had been confused as the same drug by the users for a period of time. In this study, after investigation and analysis of available archaic and modern documents regarding Dangshen with focusing on the comparison of drug origins, plant morphologies, indigenous producing areas, tribute presenting system in the past dynasties and the most age-old ginseng specimen treasured in Japan, it could be concluded that Dangshen was undoubtedly the first recorded and described herb in the medicinal book 'Pen-Tsao-Chong-Shin (本草 從新) 'written by Wu, I-Lo (吳儀洛) in Ching Dynasty (1757). As the result of literature review and extrapolation, we found that before Tang Dynasty, Dangshen and Ginseng (Araliaceae) were used as generics, and there was no discrimination in terms of the therapeutic use between these two drugs from Tang Dynasty to Ming Dynasty. Until Wu Dynasty, herbalists finally started to differentiate these two medicines. Due to the different origins of plant material, the variation in processing, and the separated producing areas, Dangshen is known to have several homonymic but dissimilar commercial products sold in the market. This kind of bewilderment might result in confusion of drug usage and application. In this study, we aimed to differentiate the garbled uses and cognition of the drug, and hoped that our results will be useful for the accurate application on Dangshen for the users and researchers afterward. |
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