德國關於不確定法律概念之第三審級司法審查

Judicial Review on the Uncertain Legal Concept in the Third Instance in Germany

所有在內涵和外延處於不確定狀態的法律概念均可稱之為不確定法律概念。由於不確定法律概念在概念的內涵和外延上具有模糊性的特點，因此對此類概念的法律適用將陷入“事實問題與法律問題”的模糊區域。在此模糊區域之中，上下審級法院之間所形成的功能分野陷入困境，下級法院對法律概念的判斷仍應享有一定的自由評價空間，第三審法院對此評價空間應予以尊重。司法判例中所形成的“概念認識錯誤－－是否對所有重要性事實審查窮盡－－是否違反經驗法則或具有可責問的違反程序性事項”的有限審查及其少數無限審查的例外，共同構成不確定法律概念的司法審查原則。Any legal concept which is uncertain both in connotation and in denotation can be referred to as an uncertain legal concept. As the connotation and the denotation are unclear for the uncertain legal concept, thus it would fall into a vale state in which the distinction between the question of fact and the question of law becomes complicated and confusing when such concept is applied. In such a vague state, the separated roles of the higher court and the lower court may goes into a predicament. The lower court should have a certain level of the discretion, and the third instance should respect such discretion. The limited review of “misunderstanding of the concept, whether or not all the facts of importance are exhaustively reviewed, and whether or not violate the empirical rule or have irregularities in the proceedings”, together with unlimited review in exceptional cases, constitute the principles of judicial review for the uncertain legal concept.