孚社及其詩學考論

An Exploration of Fu Club and Its Poetics

「孚社」為順治年間結盟於浙江歸安的明遺民詩社，該遺民詩社以錢价人為領袖，成員尚有魏耕、錢纘曾、朱士稚、陳三島，以及錢价人之弟志熙、志焞、志燾。孚社的成立有意繼承晚明復社的學術遺緒，故社中諸子頗以古文辭相砥礪；另一方面，此派詩人以氣節相交，並暗中從事復明運動，及至「通海案」發生，社中成員或遭逮捕殺戮，或遣戍寧古塔，詩社遂告瓦解。時至今日，除了魏耕因《雪翁詩集》的傳世，作品仍見學者討論之外，孚社的詩學活動幾乎已被遺忘在歷史的洪流中。實則，魏耕與錢价人曾選評當代詩作，編為《今詩粹》一書，此書仍倖存於天壤；孚社詩人的作品也可透過清代的各種詩歌總集，訪得諸多片段，此一遺民群體之詩學猶可考而論之。大體而言，孚社詩人奉守唐調，詩學立場近於前、後七子的復古一路。然而在清初的時空背景下，以遺民身分重倡格調之說，究竟具有何種時代意義？此一詩學主張又將面臨怎樣的困境？本文將針對這些議題進行剖析。特別引人注目的是，依詩歌體裁而編排的《今詩粹》一書，各體均以陳子龍的詩作居首，如此的編輯用意不僅在於推尊陳子龍為當代詩歌的典範，同時也投射了魏耕、錢价人諸子的遺民情志。因此，孚社詩人如何步武陳子龍的詩格與人格，以完成明遺民生命意義的追尋，更是本文所欲進一步探索的深層關懷。Fu Club (孚社) was a poetry club formed by some Ming loyalists in Gui An, Zhejiang province, during the reign of Emperor Shunzhi of the Qing dynasty. It was led by Qian Jieren and other members like Wei Geng, Qian Zuanzeng, Zhu Shizhi, Chen Sandao, and Qian Jieren's brothers Zhixi, Zhitun, and Zhitao. The establishment of Fu Club (孚社) aimed at preserving the academic tradition of the Fu Club (復社) of the late Ming dynasty. Thus, the poets of the later Fu Club (孚社) encouraged each other to maintain the classical tradition. On the other hand, they had another lofty purpose; that is, they were engaged in reviving the Ming dynasty, in secret until the Tong Hai Case, which resulted in the collapse of the club with its members being arrested, killed, or exiled to Ningguta as guards. Until now, the association of Fu Club (孚社) poets has almost been forgotten in the torrent of history, except for Wei Geng, due to the survival of his work The Collected Poems of Xue Weng. In fact, The Essence of Contemporary Poetry that Wei Geng and Qian Jieren once compiled still exists, and can be the relevant reference for today's study. We can also explore the poetics of the Ming Loyalists by collecting fragments of their poems from various poetry miscellanea of the Qing dynasty. On the whole, the poets of Fu Club (孚社) stuck to the rhyming tradition of the Tang Dynasty. Their poetic stance of restoring the ancient ways is similar to that of the Former and the Latter Seven Scholars. Yet we wonder what significance there is for these leftover subjects to reiterate the importance of classical poetics in the background of the early Qing dynasty? And what difficulties would this poetic claim confront? These are the issues this paper aims to discuss and analyze. What draws our special attention is that Chen Zilong's works headed every category in The Essence of Contemporary Poetry, which was compiled according to the genre of the poems. Doing so aimed not only to enthrone him as the model of contemporary poetry but also to reflect the determination of the Ming Loyalists like Wei Geng and Qian Jieren. Hence, how the poets of Fu Club (孚社) followed Chen Zilong's poetic style and personal characteristics to give meaning to their lives is the deep concern that the paper further explores.