論清中葉常州學者對考據學的不同態度及其意義－－以臧庸與李兆洛為討論中心

The Mid-Qing Changzhou Scholars' Views on Evidential Scholarship: Focusing on Zang Yong and Li Zhaoluo

伴隨著考據學方法及因之而形成的學術價值觀之擴散，漢學研究的風氣，除了廣被於吳、皖、嘉定、揚州、高郵、錢塘等地之外，常州學者也在有意無意之間接納了這股學術風潮。然而或因常州自有濃厚的學術傳統，與考據學風在方法及價值觀上有所牴梧，所以從乾隆中葉洪亮吉、孫星衍、莊述祖、張忠言等人援考據學方法治學以來，其所呈現之學術內涵即與吳、皖、揚州等學者純粹之漢學考據有相當大的差異；乾、嘉之際的臧庸與李兆洛，更是截然不同的兩種類型。前者擁抱漢學，畢生以考據輯佚失為職志；後者則堅持常州原有的學術傳統與批判漢學考據的態度，形成鮮明的對比。本文擬籍由觀察上述所列常州著名學者之學術著作、學術歷程、論學態度、學術價值觀以及與當時學術界的互動情形，探討乾、嘉之際常州一郡在考據學潮流影響之下所形成之特殊學風及其意義，並進一步說明常州學派之產生，乃根源於常州特殊的學術精神－－將科舉儒學所鐘育的經世情懷，投入學術研究的領域之中。The widely established evidential method and its resultant academic values heralded a new spirit in classical learning in the regions of Wu, Wan, Jiading, Gaoyou, Qiantang, and beyond. Although scholars in Changzhou were also affected by this new kind of scholarship, the region had its own rich tradition in classical study, which differed from evidential method and its values. As a result, since the middle of the Qianlong reign, even though Hong Liangji, Sun Xingyan, Zhuang Shuzu, Zhang Huiyan and others had used evidential methodology in their studies, the shape of Changzhou scholarship was still observably different from the strict evidential methodology of Wu, Wan, or Yangzhou. During the Qianlong-Jiaqing transition, Zang Yong and Li Zhaoluo represented two entirely different styles of classical study. Zang persisted in so-called Han learning; evidential research and compilation work were his life-long commitment. In contrast, Li Zhaoluo underscored Changzhou's scholarly tradition and harbored a critical attitude towards evidential study. In this light, this article examines these famous Changzhou scholars' scholarly writings, their scholarly careers, as well as their academic attitudes and values. It also investigates the interaction between the Changzhou scholars and the larger scholarly world of the time. It illustrates the unique style of Changzhou scholarship under the impact of evidential study, illuminating the particular significance of the Changzhou school. It suggests that the formation of the Changzhou school was rooted in Changzhou's own long-standing scholarly tradition, whereby emphasis was put on the practical concerns of Confucianism, particularly the kind of Confucianism that was closely related to the examination/bureaucratic system, which informed a significant part of Changzhou scholars' classical studies.