從資訊弱勢者的觀點檢討我國法對於個人保證之保護－－日本法之啟示

From Minority of Information to Exploration the Protection about Personal Guaranty－Lessons from Japan

保證制度（人保）是一個由來已久的擔保制度。其目的在於藉由保證人的信用，強化確保債權人對債權的實現。向來關於保證人保護議題，多從民法及消保法關於定型化契約規範的角度進行探討，而實務多數認為保證人非經濟上弱者、保證非消費關係的觀點，否定其適用。對此本文從「資訊弱勢者」的角度，檢視現行民法以及銀行法關於保證之規定，在維持保證制度的合理運作下，來建構平衡保證人（尤其是個人保證人）與債權人間的關係。並從日本民法以及最近的債權編修正中，基於「人情抗拒之困難性」以及「風險之不可透視性」的觀點，強調對個人保證人之保護，尤其著重於「債權人對個人保證人的資訊提供義務」。對此我國實務一向欠缺此項想法，法律亦無明文規定；惟自從我國民法增訂了第 753 條之 1 以及銀行法增訂了第 12 條之 1 及第 12 條之 2 後，我國法在保護個人保證的議題上開始有了重大進展，但仍有不足之處。故本文藉由日本法的規定與發展，對我國法將來在個人保證制度的建構上提出若干建言。

Guarantee is a very old legal system, and the system’s purpose is to achieve the creditors’ rights shall be honored. This study intends to inspect the provisions concerning guaranty in existing provisions in the Civil Act and the Consumers Protection Act from the perspective of “information disadvantaged group”, as well as to build a balanced relationship between guarantor (especially personal guarantor) and creditor under the maintenance of reasonable operation of guaranty system. The Civil Code of Japan and latest Amendment to Claims Code show that, from the perspective of “difficulty in refusing someone to whom a litigant owe a duty” and “opacity of risk”, the emphasis is put on the protection of personal guarantor, especially “creditor’s obligation to provide information to personal guarantor”. There is a lack of such idea in the current Taiwanese legal mechanism. The provisions and developments of laws in Japan may help us to propose some suggestions on the reform and amendment of the personal guaranty system in Taiwanese legal system.