法國涉外協議與國會監督制度借鑑

French International Agreements and Parliamentary Watch: Implications for Taiwan

法國第五共和基於政府效率考量以及民主監督原則，行政權與立法權皆有權參與國際條約的洽簽。國會依據憲法第53條扮演實質監督、實質審查的角色，決定是否立法授權總統批准涉外協議。法國國會對於國際條約案之審議，並不以協議本身的形式為準，而是以協議所涉及的內容為依歸，因為需要國會批准，自然也就需要國會審議。並且在涉外協議公佈生效之後，也有追蹤、查核預算的功能，可以說從涉外協議最初始的醞釀階段，一直到涉外協議已經成形、定案之後，國會都持續扮演著利害關係人的角色。雖然國會在進行涉外協議的實質審查時候，不能針對涉外協議的內容作出修改，而且國會也有簡化的快速審查程序，甚至未經討論也可以直接就對法案進行投票表決，不過其相關的前提與構成要件，皆有相當謹慎的規定，並遵循尊重國會少數的原則。此外，憲法委員會具有在國際條約批准授權前，與授權批准後的雙重違憲把關機制。亦即憲法委員會擁有對涉外協議的最終裁決權限。

Based on the principle of government's efficiency and that of democratic control, the French fifth republic allows both executive and legislative power to play its role in the process of making international agreements. Under the article 53 of the constitution, the Parliament exams the international agreements and then decides to pass or not the authorization law of ratification. The contexts of the agreements consist of the criteria that need to pass through the examination of Parliament. Besides, once the agreements come into force, the Parliament can still follow its implantation as well as the control of the concerned budget, which means the Parliament is a stakeholder of the international agreements in any stage. Although the Parliament cannot make any modification of the international agreements during the examination, and there's the simplified procedure of examination which needs no discussion, it requires the consensus. Moreover, it belongs to the Conseil Constitutionnel the ultimate power to check if the international agreements are constitutional, either before or after the ratification procedure.