16世紀初的徽州宗族與習俗－－以《新安畢氏族譜》為例

Clan and Custom in Huizhou in the Early 16th Century

宗族具有血緣性與地域性，記載宗族歷史的族譜，也同時具有了這樣的性質。明代族譜由於記事內容的擴大與豐富，不僅反映了宗族建設日益受到關注，還折射出社會變遷的光芒。明代是社會風俗發生顯著變化的時代，引起眾多學者的關注。早期有傅衣淩教授先驅性的研究，20 世紀80 年代以後中國大陸劉志琴、臺灣徐泓等教授深入探討，此後兩岸繼續研究者不乏其人，學術成果蔚為大觀1。日本學者森正夫教授自1979 年起提出應重視明末社會秩序變動的研究2。不過就產生大量商人的徽州而言，還缺乏專門論述風俗變遷的論述。已有對於明代風俗變遷的討論一般認為，明代中期的正德、嘉靖年間風俗發生重大變化。我在閱讀明正德四年（1509）《新安畢氏族譜》時，發現該譜收錄一篇族訓性質的文章《陳俗》，洋洋萬言，述說該宗族近幾十年的習俗變化。在族譜中有如此長篇專文論述習俗變化，實屬罕見3。本文想就《陳俗》這篇珍貴的文獻進行探討，從宗族的視角瞭解明代社會在15 世紀末16 世紀初發生的變化4，並加深對於明代族譜這種地方文獻的認識。我們首先介紹《新安畢氏族譜》與畢氏宗族，接著依據《陳俗》的內容，分七方面討論，最後是綜合論述。

In terms of 'A Survey of Custom'《陳俗》included in 'Bi's Family Tree in Xin'an'《新安畢氏族譜》，this article explores the clan custom changes in Huizhou in the early 16th century. The changes are mainly embodied in thus sides: the traditional family ethics and clan ideology have changed; the ceremony and propriety between honorable and lowly, elder and younger aren't standard; the officials and the populace are no longer content with their lot; wedding, funeral and memorial ceremony are no longer simple; ancestors' heir appointment are not so sacred as before; especially the younger begins following the luxurious fashion. The core of the changes are the appearance of personality and real interests, and the wavering of clan ideology and traditional ethical moral. Although influenced by market-oriented economy to a limited extent, the changes are just the beginning far away from totally change. The appearance and included in family tree of 'A Survey of Custom' is the way to deal with custom changes, acting as clan instructions to educate clansmen. It is prelude of clan rules reflecting the effect of social power. 'Bi's Family Tree in Xin'an' expands the recording ranges while using the style of local chronicles for reference. In Ming dynasty family trees are more localistic and more valuable as historical data because its' contents are very abundant reflecting the social changes.