日治時期彰化縣田中鎮「五間尾」型街屋構造形式與空間構成關係之研究

A Study on the Relationship between the Spatial Composition and Structural Style of “Wu-Jian-Wei” Shop Houses Built during Japanese Occupation Times at Tian-Zhong, Zhang-Hua

「五間尾」形式的街屋，主要從合院住宅的「伸手」空間演化而來，由於在縱深向度上能夠取得較長且具連續性的空間，因此在「田中街屋」中廣泛受到應用。「五間尾」的空間發展與構造系統的採行具有密切的關連性，而其所形成的空間組織方式亦有異於台灣其他街屋區，是街屋研究體系中非常重要之事例。有鑒於此，本研究透過實際的田野調查，企圖瞭解「田中街屋」與「五間尾」空間形式發展的過程，並掌握構造形式對空間構成的關係。本文得致下列四點成果：1. 日治時期「牌樓厝」的興建，使田中成為具有文明開化指標的市肆，但在新式建築的背後，以「五間尾」的空間形式，承續傳統的空間格局與使用慣習。2. 有七成以上的案例於「牌樓厝」後方銜接「五間尾」型街屋，主要分布於腹地狹長的員集路段。3. 「五間尾」的空間構成以「中廳側室」為原則，維持「廳」在中軸上的意義。4. 「五間尾」的構造以「穿斗式」和「正同柱」中的架構，來擴增空間縱深方向的規模，與其他街屋區以併連複數山牆來增殖空間的手法不同，仿效合院伸手構造形態的特性，因而保留傳統使用模式與習慣是影響「五間尾」型街屋空間構成的決定性因子，兩者存在著必然性的因果關係。

'Wu-Jian-Wei' style shop houses are mainly evolved from the winged space of a four-section compound. 'Tian-Zhong shop houses' had been widely used at then as it provided a long, continuous spacing in depth. The spatial development of 'Tian-Zhong shop houses' is closely related to the adoption of its structural architecture. Thus the formation in spatial composition is quite different from other shop houses in Taiwan, illustrating that this is an extremely important exemplar for people to study street-house systems. Our attempt is to investigate the process of spatial composition and formation of the relationship between 'Tian-Zhong shop houses' and 'Wu-Jian-Wei' through field study and to understand the effects of its structural style on the spatial composition. Four main finding are obtained. These are: 1. During Japanese occupation times, 'Tian-Zhong' was recognized as one of the leading indicators of civilized towns, as several 'Pai-Lou-Cuo' were built at then. At the backyard of these new style buildings, the formation of 'Wu-Jian-Wei' was developed, as it inherited both traditional spatial layout and accustomed usage. 2. More than 70% of these 'Pai-Lou-Cuo' were linked with 'Wu-Jian-Wei' in their backyards, and they were mainly distributed along a narrow long region on Yuan-Ji Road. 3. The spatial composition of 'Wu-Jian-Wei' was based on the 'central-hall-and-side-room' principle, keeping 'hall' on its central axis. 4. Unlike other shop house using multiple gables to enlarge its space, the structure' Wu-Jian-Wei' employed both the structures of 'Wattle and daub walls' and 'King post system' to expand its space in depth and width. By imitating the features of winged space of a four-section compound, traditional usage style and habit were thus preserved, which affected the formation of spatial structure of 'Wu-Jian-Wei' shop houses. These two factors formed a close cause-effect relationship.