爪哇入神舞蹈中的儀式型態、音樂特性與社會功能

Religious Ritual, Music Characteristic, and Social Function of Kuda Lumping Trance Dance in Java

入神舞蹈（Kuda Lumping），一個充滿宗教儀式意含、豐富音樂元素與多元社會功能的爪哇民俗舞蹈。儘管在以伊斯蘭教為主軸的印尼爪哇島，這種充滿爪哇傳統宗教意涵但卻能夠適度與伊斯蘭文化融合的民俗舞蹈，成為爪哇最為普遍也最受歡迎的舞蹈型態之一。此種入神舞蹈屬於印尼歷史最悠久的民間表演藝術，最大的特色在於所使用的竹編馬匹作為表演道具，以及舞者入神時，呈現無意識狀態所營造出的表演高潮（climax）。一般而言，我們可以發現大多數爪哇鄉村都有入神舞蹈的團體。然而，雖然表面上看來入神舞蹈這樣的表演藝術在不同地區都有著相似的特徵，如：表演者使用皮革製或竹編馬匹為道具，進而逐漸進入入神狀態等現象；但事實上，每個爪哇社群對於這種入神舞蹈都有著當地不同的詮釋，因此每個不同的地區因而衍生出其特有的特色，並發展出了多種入神舞蹈的類型，而其名稱則取決於其當地所使用的方言，而有所不同。而其使用的音樂更是涵蓋傳統印尼甘美朗、伊斯蘭宗教唱誦與各種爪哇民俗與流行音樂型態；就是因為它這種既能維護爪哇傳統文化，又能融合與適應現代社會文化的需求，使得入神舞蹈不但是一種民間宗教儀式，同時具有民俗醫療與娛樂觀光的功能，甚至也因其受到老百姓的喜愛與凝聚群眾的特性，而受到政治人物與黨派的支持。為了深入了解入神舞蹈在爪哇的發展，本文將從入神舞蹈的定義及其類型、入神舞蹈的起源、入神舞蹈與伊斯蘭、 入神現象與儀式中的超自然靈體（Supernatural Creatures）崇拜、入神舞蹈的實踐、樂器的使用與音樂的型態特性以及入神舞蹈的社會意義與功能等幾個方面，來探討印尼爪哇入神舞蹈在宗教儀式型態、音樂特性與社會功能等層面的特性。

Javanese Kuda Lumping trance dance is probably of very ancient origin. That it is pre-Christian and pre-Muslim is evident from the fact that both Javanese Christians and Islamic fundamentalists generally disapprove somewhat of traditional courtly and village art-form which is based on Javanese animist beliefs, and particularly those containing trance activity. Although Kuda Lumping trance dance is based on traditional Javanese religious belief, it also combines with Islamic culture and can easily be found the trance dance groups in most of villages of the island. Because of different performing interpretation at different places, various performing styles are produced in religious rituals, dance movements, musical contents, and socio-cultural functions. For example, the music could be used from traditional gamelan, Islamic religious chants, Javanese folk songs, or popular songs. Kuda Lumping maintains Javanese traditional culture and it can also integrate with and adapt to the socio-cultural requirements. Today, Kuda Lumping is not only a folk religious ritual, but also a spiritual healing and an important tourism resource. It is loved and supported by peoples in the rural areas and some political parties even encourage and organize trance dance groups to announce their standpoint of cultural policy. For understanding the development of Kuda Lumping in Java, this paper will focus on following aspects: definition and genres of Kuda Lumping, origin of trance dance in Java, trance dance and Islam, supernatural creatures of trance dance, practice of Kuda Lumping, uses of instruments and music, and social meanings and functions of Kuda Lumping.