道德判斷的「雙重歷程模式」：認知、情緒與文化的整合觀點

The Dual-process Model of Moral Judgment: An Integrated Viewpoint of Cognition, Emotion, and Culture

當代本土心理學者針對西方道德心理學的研究典範提出兩項質疑：一是認為過去理論過於強調道德判斷時的理性層面，而忽視情感層面；二是認為道德發展模式並非完全普世皆然。為了解決當代道德心理學的理論爭議，本文針對人們的道德判斷歷程，提出一項整合認知、情緒與文化的理論模式：「雙重歷程模式」。此模式的主要論點如下：(1)人們的道德判斷包含兩種心智歷程：「自動歷程」可以快速且下意識地處理訊息；「精緻歷程」則是有意識、耗時且主動處理訊息。(2)這兩種歷程都包含情緒與認知成分。(3)道德判斷同時受到生物與社會文化因素之影響，具有人類普同性與文化特殊性。此模式除了能夠整合各項觀點，並且重新解釋過去實徵資料，還能對於道德心理學的未來研究方向，提出新的議題與展望。

Is moral judgment universal or culture-relative? Is it dominated by emotional or cognitive processes? In order to address these perplexing questions, the authors propose a dual-process model and argue that: (1) moral judgment involves two kinds of psychological processes (an automatic process, which is sub-conscious and fast, and an elaborative process, which is conscious and time-consuming); (2) both processes contain emotional and cognitive components; and (3) moral judgment psychological processes are influenced by both biological-evolutional and social-cultural factors. Prospects for further studies of indigenous moral psychology and epistemological issues are discussed.