一條遺失的規定：論具第三人效力之行政處分的撤銷與廢止

A Missing Provision: The Withdrawal and Revocation of Administrative Dispositions Affecting the Third Party

在我國現行法秩序中，行政處分，與在德國法制同，既可因人民提起訴願及行政訴訟等權利救濟，而遭廢棄，亦可由行政機關依職權，以撤銷或廢止之方式，主動廢棄。行政處分在未產生形式存續力前，這兩種廢棄制度有競合適用的可能。此外，行政處分在第一種制度中，其廢棄與否，原則上僅以系爭處分是否侵害人民權利為依歸；並不同時考慮訴外人是否因該處分而有信賴保護之必要。至於在第二種制度中，有無影響行政處分之廢棄的信賴保護因素，則完全以處分相對人為判斷對象；第三人之情形，則非關鍵。職是，當行政處分有一方面授予相對人利益，另一方面卻使第三人蒙受不利益之情形，假使在該受不利益之第三人提起權利救濟的過程中，原處分機關欲利用撤銷或廢止之方式，逕依職權廢棄該涉訟之行政處分，以提前滿足該第三人之權利救濟時，則此際，受利益之相對人不應有信賴保護原則的適用。就此，德國行政程序法第50條定有明文，以避免同一行政處分在兩種廢棄制度同時可適用的階段中，發生信賴保護原則究竟適用或不適用的法律評價上之矛盾；反之，我國行政程序法則無相關之規定。從而，本文之研究，目的在指出我國法制之不備處；同時並從立法論的觀點，建議將來我國行政程序法應如何增補與修正，俾能納入與前開德國行政程序法第50條之規範內容相當的新條文。

The Administrative Procedure Act provides, as the German Verwaltungsverfahrensgesetz, that an administrative disposition might be rescinded either through administrative litigation or ex officio by administrative agencies. Such two rescinding procedures concur before the administrative disposition becomes non-appealable. While the former procedure takes mainly the right of the affected third party into consideration rather than the right of whom the disposition is intended for, the latter procedure on the contrary emphasizes the right of whom the disposition is intended for, regardless of the affected third party. Thus an inconsistency has been witnessed in terms of legal protection for bona fide acts. In response, Section 50 of Verwaltungsverfahrensgesetz provides that, once a beneficial administrative disposition contested by a third party is rescinded ex officio in favor of the third party, its expected effect on the beneficiary shall not be maintained. While on the contrary, the Administrative Procedure Act has yet responded to the inconsistency. This paper aims to point out this lacuna and suggests a few responding amendments to the Act.