戰後台灣國家與企業關係的形成與轉型：一個批判的分析

Formation and Transformation of Taiwan's State-Business Relations: A Critical Analysis

本文旨在探討台灣戰後之政商關係形成與演變，以藉此凸顯台灣發展經驗的另一特色。一、回顧八０年代東亞發展研究重心的演變，指出除了世界體系與國家這兩個重要的焦點之外，還應納入企業此一行動者及其與國家、世界體系的關係，才更能掌握東亞發展經驗的全貌。二、分別釐清戰後台灣的國家發展策略，公營及黨營事業、民營大企業與中小企業形貌與變遷。三、分析在威權統合主義下主導台灣數十年來政商關係的種種機制，以及大、小企業與國家、政黨的不同政治連結關係。「雙重市場（產業）結構」不但凸顯大、中小企業的經濟位置，也表現出其所處的政治權力不均衡地位。四、剖析自1980年代以來在台灣威權體制鬆動後政商關係的演變，並分別處理大企業財團與中小企業在此政治轉型過程中的相對權力變遷局勢。最後對1990年代政商關係的可能走向，亦做一些初步的預測與檢驗。

The aim of this paper is to explore the formation and transformation of state-business relations in post-war Taiwan in order to delineate another important aspect of the Taiwan development experience. The themes to be analyzed are as follows: 1.It is argued that in order to provide a complete picture of the East Asian development experience, a new look at business and its relations with the state and the capitalist world system is quite essential. The essence of this new look lies in its emphasis on how the different sectors within business have 'responded' to state strategies and/or world market opportunities, and later, in turn, 'reshaped' the course of capitalist development in East Asia, of which Taiwan is an integral part. 2.In this paper, detailed portraits of Taiwan's three business sectors－－state and party enterprises, big business, and the small and medium sectors－－are given. Special attention is put on the respective relations of each sector with the state, and changes of the relative weight of the three distinguishable business sectors. It is then followed by an in-depth analysis of the evolving mechanisms which have been governing the state's relations with the two private business sectors under the KMT's 'authoritarian corporatism' of the post-war era. It is shown that with a 'dual business structure' in the private sector, 'dual power structure' also exists in which big business has exerted more and more political influence on various levels of the state's decision-making bodies. 3. The growing influence of big business on the state through direct and indirect means have been noticeable since the 1980s, when both political liberalization and organized social movements began to take shape. Some political explanations are suggested. Finally, the future prospects of the state-business relations along with the overall shift of the state-civil society power relations are also observed.