網絡式生產組織：臺灣外銷工業中的外包制度

NETWORK LABOR PROCESS: The Subcontracting Networks in the Manufacturing Industries of Taiwan

根據對台灣成衣、鞋業、玩具及電子業的田野觀察，本文探討在台灣製造業中甚為普及的外包制度。第一節描述了外包制度的整體面貌，指出外國買主與本地之生產單位如何被外包制度串連起來。第二節分析了外包網絡中多樣化的生產單位：家庭代工、外包點、代工所及單一事頭工廠（single-task factory）。隨後，本文探討了廠內外包生產流程之間的彈性結合。第四節則分析了生產單位如何在外包網絡中展開其發展生涯。最後我們以對「分工」（division of labor）的重新概念化來結束本文，強調的重點是外包網絡如何連結了三種分工，即：生產單位內部、生產單位與生產單位之間，及商品與非商品化部門之間的分工。

Based on field observations of the garment, footwear, toy and electronic industries, this paper explores subcontracting networks in Taiwan. A delineation of the subcontracting networks as a whole reveals how tforeign purchasers are linked with the domestic production system through a detailed inter-unit division of labor. The second section is devoted to the analysis of the variegated units of production in the subcontracting system: homeworkers, subcontracting points, single-task workshops, and single-task factories. We further disentangle the flexible combinations of in-house and subcontracted labor processes in the third section. This is followed by a discussion of the trajectories of the units of production of the subcontracting system. For one thing, internalization and externalization of task scope characterize the unit trajectories. We conclude with a reconceptualization of 'division of labor,' which links three types of division of labor: within the unit, between units, and between the commodified andnon-commodified sectors. We also attempt to specify the links among the three types of division of labor as manifested in the subcontracting network.