清代臺灣社會的結構變遷

THE STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION OF CHINESE SOCIETY IN TAIWAN DURING THE CH'ING PERIOD

本文主要在探討清代臺灣漢人社會從早期的移民形態逐漸轉型為本土社會的過程，特別是表現在社會群體構成法則上的變遷方向。作者以民族誌的方法分析歷史材料，企圖說明臺灣漢人移民社會結構如何由早期的祖籍地緣分類意識移向新的本地宗教祭祀圈之形成，其次則由受祖籍分配形態影響的移殖型宗族組識（照丁份的子仔會和照股份的祖公會）轉變為源於來臺開基祖在本地所形成的以真正系譜關係為基礎的新宗族組識。這一研究對於人類學有關中國社會結構的討論之啟示是：漢人社會群體構成並不像一般人類學家所瞭解的簡單社會之有一成不變的簡單法則可循。換句話說，漢人社會的結構法則有很多的可能性，因此乃有不帶任何標準含意的「分類」之本土用語出現。這似乎是比較能夠點出傳統中國社會構成法則的說法。

Through an ethnohistorical analysis, the paper tries to demonstrate the indigenization process of the Chinese immigrant society in Taiwan during the Ch'ing Dynasty (1681-1895 A. C.), and its representation in the transformaton of social structure. During the period, the social group formation has changed from a colonial type to an indigenous type. The argument of this paper is divided into three parts. The first part focuses on the transformation of group formation based on territorial affiliation. The second part disusses the change in clan/lineage patterns. The third part reviews previous studies on the Chinese social structures and gives some suggestions based on this resarch.