從旱田到果園－－道澤與卡母界農業經濟變遷的調適

FROM SWIDDEN TO ORCHARD

1972〜1974年筆者先後在臺灣中部的二個泰雅族部落進行了為期120天的田野工作，工作的主題是交易型式下的社會組織。工作的內容是：（1）交易型式的適應策略，（2）交易型式的互動策略。為了配合濁大專號的需求，本文是以適應策略中有關經濟變遷部份的資料撰寫而成，目的在說明泰雅族傳統以儀式團體——血族祭團作為適應處境的方式，在儀式團體發展中經驗歷程的差異如何反應在新處境中調適的不同。全文是利用道澤及卡母界這兩個泰雅族社群在政府政策之下所造成的農業經濟變遷，探討二者不同的儀式團體發展歷程如何在農業經濟變遷中的果樹傳入以及果樹經營產生的土地， 勞力、銷售、市場價格浮動、金錢使用和階層化等問題的調適歷程中顯現出影響力。道澤由於儀式團體本身及外在的因素影響的發展過程，以致於造成不同與儀式團體持續發展的卡母界所採取的集體調適。

Tautsa and Kamujiau, two villages of the Atayal group in central Taiwan (population:Tautsa, 93 households, 577 members;Kamujiau,94 households,551 members), persisted in their self-sufficient subsistence economy until 1959. In 1959 they were forced to change to an orchard-based economy (due to governmental policy of land survey) with deciduous fruit trees replacing subsistence crops. The results of this policy were clear and drastic changes, and afford the opportunity for studying with respect to these changes on these two villages. These effects included increases in land deficiency and labor input, socio-economic stratification, and the indirect effects of a market economy, price fluctuations, the creation of marketing systems, and the use of money. Because of developmental processes, historical events, multi-evangelisation and administrative policy, Tautsa adjusted by deviating from an adaptation based upon traditional ritual groups, and new adjustment phenomena appeared. Kamujiau, however, maintained the importance of the ritual group. The contrast between Tautsa and Kamujiau is perhaps due primarily to differences in geographical, religious and political circumstances.