Componential and Formal Analyses of Taromak Rukai Kinship Terminology

大南魯凱族親屬稱謂的成分分析和形式分析

本文是利用大南魯凱族的親屬稱謂材料來試驗頗流行的語言學的‘成分分析’ （componential analysis）和‘形式分析’ （formal analysis）的方法的可效性，並比較二方法之優劣。兩種方法都能應用於大南的親屬稱謂材料，但是‘形式分析’的精簡規則 （reduction rules）能推演出任何親族的親屬稱謂來，所以是更為有用的方法。再者‘成分分析’的結果常常弄不清到底是調查者自己腦子中弄出來的東西，還是被調查者腦子中的東西（即有所謂 'etic' 和 'emic' 之混淆），所以牽涉到‘認知的實體’（cognitive reality）或‘心理的實體’ （psychological reality）的問題。但是‘形式分析’是從全人類所共有的特質（universal properties）著手的，所以不大會有前述的問題。因而‘形式分析’是民族誌科學 （ethno-science）的重要的和有力的方法。

One of the main attempts of ethnography is to go beyond simple description of immediately observable data and present the principes by which social behavior is organized. A. L. Kroeber once said. It is apparent that what we should try to deal with is not the hundreds or thousands of slightly varying relationships that are expressed or can be expressed by the various languages of man, but the principles or categories of relationship which underlie these (1909 in Bohannan & Middleton 1968: 20). The recent trend in linguistic studies, especially in the development of ethnoscientiflc theory, has moved away from the linguistic ttadition which views language primarily as a relationship between sound and meaning to the position which views language primarily as a communicative process. A speaker sends information within some context to a listener and information is coveyed because the two people share a common code —a set of rules for the construction and interpretation of a message. This sharing of a code as the essence of language as a communicative process can be and has been extended to apply to human behavior and even culture as a whole (Ottenheimer pp. 2-3). Culture has been equated with code by Paul Kay (1965). In viewing culture as code, the anthropologist must make explicit the principles which underlie the organization of social behavior of any human society. For the purpose of accomplishing this, a few methods have been developed of which componential analysis and formal analysis are the outstanding examples (Ottenheimer pp. 3-4)