邊緣公民的公民主體建構－－臺灣妓權運動中性工作者的公民操演

The Construction of Marginal Citizens' Civic Subjectivity - Sex Workers Doing Citizenship in the Taiwanese Prostitutes' Rights Movement

為了探究弱勢公民如何克服既有權力結構與壓迫，並得以自我增能賦權，本研究嘗試分析臺灣妓權運動中，作為邊緣公民之性工作者的參與歷程，以及探索他們如何透過其行動建立公民主體性。藉由與參與者以及與社運組織者的深度訪談，以及運動歷程的參與觀察，本研究的發現如下：性工作者的公民行動明顯受到污名、階級與性別等社會結構力量所影響。污名框構著性工作者的公民認同與行動，在污名結構下，性工作者體現出污名的凝視，但也反擊著污名，因此性工作者的公民身分不是一種理所當然的資格承受，而是持續不斷、充滿縫隙的做公民歷程。而其反擊污名的做公民歷程中，突顯出公民哲學研究應納入慣習身體空間的討論。在如何建構運動正當性上，儘管性交易常被視為一種性別歧視的表徵，但參與者傾向於以階級論述而非性別論述表述自己的訴求。然而，他們在運動中的主體位置仍是性別化的。而參與者對從娼經驗的反思，也對基進女性主義所批判的性商品化提出重要補充，提醒我們在以性商品化取徑看待性交易時，應考量進行協商性商品內容的性能動者。在參與過程中，運動組織者扮演媒介角色，協助性工作者重組他們對於性產業的默會知識，而得以進行公共溝通，此協助為邊緣公民進行公共參與的重要助力。然而，儘管性工作者感受到透過與組織者合作，提升了論述能力，但也肯定自己的經驗才是運動核心。而性工作者的倡議行動也啟發我們重新思考，故事性敘說在審議式民主之公共溝通所扮演的角色。歸納而言，性工作者透過參與運動所建立的公民主體性，主要表現在提升了自身的公共性、重思公民與國家的應有關係，以及建立公民效能三方面。

To explore how marginal citizens overcome established power structures and oppression while empowering themselves via this process, the current research aims to investigate the Taiwanese prostitution rights movement and how participant sex workers, as marginal citizens, engage and foster civic subjectivities through civic actions. Based on in-depth interviews and participatory observation, this paper reaches the following conclusions: First, the stigma surrounding prostitution frames sex workers' identity and civic action. Sex workers are subject to the gaze of stigma through pervasive discrimination towards prostitution, yet at the same time also clearly attempt to combat it. For sex workers, therefore, citizenship is not so much a fixed status as it is a continuing, porous process of 'doing' citizenship. The process of their doing citizenship highlights the significance of the construction of habitual body-spaces in civic action, which has been ignored by traditional philosophy of citizenship. Second, in terms of creating the legitimacy of the prostitute movement, sex workers tend to adopt class discourses to legitimate their action instead of gender discourses, although prostitution has traditionally been identified with men's domination of women. Yet sex workers' positions are still gendered in the movement. Their experience in prostitution complements radical feminist criticisms of the commodification of sex-the existence of sex agents being able to negotiate the content of the commodity. Considering how the sex workers as prostitution rights organization members cooperate with other members, this paper finds that activists play the role of conversational intermediaries between sex workers and their audience, helping sex workers rearticulate their tacit knowledge about the sex industry in order to effectively communicate with the public. At the same time, although perceiving cooperation with activists as helpful to civic action, sex workers still recognize themselves as the core of the prostitute movement and their advocacy action inspires us to rethink how story-telling narratives work in deliberative democracy. In summary, through taking political action, the sex worker participants demonstrate their civic subjectivity in three aspects: (1) cultivating the sense of community and the sense of publicness, (2) actively redefining the relationship between citizen and state, and (3) developing the sense of civic efficacy.