從客觀轉向主觀：對於刑法上結果歸責理論的反省與重構

Reflection and Restructuring of Consequence Attribution in Criminal Law

本文的目的，在於反思刑法上結果歸責問題的處理方案。幾已成為通說的客觀歸責理論堅持其客觀性格，認為須有從客觀理智觀察者角度得以確立的風險關係，才能證立結果的可歸責性。然而本文認為，採取此一客觀視角並無理由。由於行為是主觀意志的外在表述，因此結果歸責問題，應是確定客觀事態是否屬於主觀意志之外在表述，亦即判斷結果可否歸責於具體個別行為人的問題。基於此，本文在自由法哲學的基本立場上，嘗試建構主觀歸責理論，主張只有行為人主觀認知的事實足以支撐法不容許的風險，而且此風險實現為侵害結果的時候，侵害結果才能歸責給行為人。藉由此一判斷公式，也得以同時妥善解決以往被歸於客觀歸責及構成要件錯誤領域的案例類型。

The objective of this article is to deliberate the solution to the attribution of consequence issue. The theory of objective attribution, which is the prevailing opinion, argues that the risk relation that could be conceived by a reasonable and objective observer can establish the attribution of consequences. The author holds that such an argument is groundless, because an action is an outward expression of inner will. In this light, the attribution of consequence means a determination of whether an objective circumstance constitutes an outward expression of subjective will. In this vein, the author on the basis of the legal philosophy of liberty proposes the theory of subjective attribution, which argues the consequence could be attributed to the offender, only if he is aware of the facts establishing the permitted risk and the risk indeed is realized. This theory could handle the cases more properly than objective attribution theory did. Furthermore, the theory could solve a number of issues concerning the errors.