文藝復興時期科學和藝術的會通：以達文西為個案的研究

The Convergence of Renaissance Sciences and Arts-A Case Study on Leonardo Da Vinci

歐洲文藝復興時期可說是近代西方文明的一個轉捩點，當時人文主義思想聚焦於人，以己身經驗做為人對自己、對上帝、對大自然瞭解的出發點，因而孕育出不少多才多藝的所謂「文藝復興人」（renaissance man）。本文在於論述（1）歐洲文藝復興時期的思想特徵與古希臘人文思想和中世紀經院哲學的淵源、（2）文藝復興時期的科學與藝術在理念和技術層面的交會所形成的科學藝術觀、（3）達文西繪畫的數學基礎、和（4）達文西在人體觀察、天體研究、剛體結構和流體運動等面向的科學探究。本文呈現達文西博雅的求知熱忱，但根據達文西科學研究的過程與成果，本文主張達文西確實是一位科學精神的領導者，但卻不能視為科學思想的奠基者。

The era of European Renaissance can be seen as a turning point of recent western civilization. The doctrine of humanism at the time paid attention to the role of human in the world by stressing empirical experiences as a means of realizing self, God, and nature. Therefore, ’renaissance man’ is referred to a person who owns a significant number of expertise. Among which, Leonardo Da Vinci may be the most well-known one. The present study aims to discourse (1) how the characteristics of renaissance thought is related with humanistic spirit of ancient Greece and scholasticism during the Medieval Age, (2) how the renaissance science was combined with art, either technically or theoretically, to develop a scientific view of arts, (3) mathematical foundation of Da Vinci's painting, and (4) Da Vinci's scientific investigations on human body, celestial orbits, mechanical structure, and fluid mechanics. The present study not only demonstrates Da Vinci's liberal art enthusiasm in pursuing various kinds of knowledge but also, according to Da Vinci's works and achievements, asserts that Da Vinci indeed is a leader of scientific spirit, yet may not be seen as a founder of scientific thought.