日本民法上的先取特權

Statutory Liens in Japanese Civil Code

日本在繼受法國民法的基礎上，於民法中詳盡規定了先取特權。依據標的物及其效力範圍的不同，日本民法將先取特權分爲一般先取特權、動產先取特權與不動產先取特權等三種形式。一般先取特權與特別先取特權競合時，特別先取特權優先於一般先取特權。但共益費用先取特權，對於受其利益之全體債權人，均有優先之效力。先取特權，對於債務人因其標的物出賣、租賃、滅失或毀損而應受之金錢或其他物，亦得行使。債務入於先取特權標的物上設定物權之對價，亦同。先取特權的效力，除日本民法「先取特權的效力」一節另有規定外，準用關於抵押權的規定。

Based on the French Civil Code, Japanese Civil Code stipulates statutory liens in details. According to the difference in subject matter and scope of validity, Japanese Civil Code divides statutory liens into three categories: general statutory liens, statutory liens over movables, and statutory liens for immovable properties. In cases where there is conflict between a general statutory lien and a special statutory lien, the special statutory lien shall prevail over the general statutory lien; provided, however, that statutory liens on expenses for the common benefit shall have the effect of prevailing over all obligees who received the benefit of the same. A statutory lien may also be exercised against things including monies that the obligor is to receive as a result of the sale, lease or loss of, or damage to, the subject matter of the statutory lien. The provisions shall likewise apply to the consideration for real rights established by the obligor on the subject matter of the statutory lien. In addition to the provisions of the section of 'Effect of Statutory Liens' in Japanese Civil Code, the provisions regarding mortgages shall apply mutatis mutandis to the effects of statutory liens, to the extent that application is not inconsistent with the nature of the same.