社會比較情境中表現劣者的沒面子感受與情緒：臉面共享成員在場與情境公開性的影響

Losing Face and Emotions in a Social Comparison Situation: The Effects of Face-Sharing Member and the Openness of Situation

本研究以情緒「自我歸咎」vs.「他人歸咎」的認知觀點，採情境實驗法探討影響個人面子感受的兩項因素：「強迫式比較」vs.「第三者比較」。研究結果顯示：在第三者比較時，研究參與者評量的沒面子感受大於強迫式比較。而兩種情境的情緒差異主要在於：強迫式比較的情緒感受以沮喪鬱悶和困窘難堪為主；第三者比較則除了沮喪鬱悶和困窘難堪，還有受傷害和受羞辱。進一步將強迫式比較細分為個人私下知覺表現不如人時「有」vs.「沒有」臉面共享的家人在場。結果顯示有家人在場的沒面子感受大於沒有家人在場，兩種情境表現劣者都會感到困窘難堪和沮喪鬱悶，且家人在場時還會有罪惡感和懊悔的情緒。同樣將第三者比較的情境再細分為第三者（家人）提出表現不如人訊息的情境是「公開指責」vs.「私下規勸」。研究顯示公開指責的沒面子感受高於私下規勸，私下規勸情境的主要情緒是沮喪鬱悶、困窘難堪、懊悔和罪惡感；公開指責的情境則除了沮喪鬱悶和困窘難堪外，受傷害、受羞辱和生氣的感受也都明顯上升，但罪惡感反而下降。

This study focused on the effects of “forced comparison (the message of “I’m worse than others” was perceived by oneself) and “third party comparison (the same message was stated by others)” on participants’ feelings of losing face and emotions. The results showed that participants rated higher degree of no face in the context of third party comparison than that of forced comparison. Participants in both contexts experienced the feelings of depression and embarrassment. When the comparison was made by the third party， participants also experienced the feelings of being humiliated and hurt. The condition of “forced comparison” was further divided into two groups: there was vs. there was not a face-sharing member (mother) in the context. The results showed that participants experienced higher degree of losing face when there was a family member in the context. In addition to the basic feelings of depression and embarrassment， participants also experienced the feelings of regret and guilty with the presence of a family member. Similarly， the condition of “third party comparison” was further divided into two groups: stating the message “privately” vs. “publicly”. The results indicated that if one’s bad performance was stated publicly rather than privately， one would experience stronger feelings of losing face. As to the emotions， participants experienced depression， embarrassment， regret， and guilty feelings when in a private situation. On the contrary， if the situation was in front of others， participants would still experience the feelings of depression and embarrassment along with humiliation， hurt， and anger. To explain the results， the cognitive perspective of self-blamed vs. other-blamed for emotions was discussed.