莊子理想人格的超個人心理學分析

Transpersonal Psychoanalysis of Zhuangzi's Ideal Personality

依字根分析，「心理學」（Psychology）一字，乃結合Psyche--靈心與logos--科學而來，本義為靈心的科學。因此，就西方心理學的四個發展趨勢來說，強調生命主體性和肯定人有高度靈性的第四勢力--超個人心理學，顯然最貼合心理學的本義。惟台灣的精神醫學和心理學界，論及心理諮商或精神醫療，多以第一、二勢力的主流心理學（即所謂的行為主義學派或精神分析學派）為主，或關注第三勢力的「人本心理學」，對於第四勢力「超個人心理學」的發展及其應用，仍有待開發。事實上，超個人心理學深受中國儒道思想影響，尤其道家的莊子和超個人心理學家之間有「千載而遙契」的心路。他們都身處在精神危機的時代，並投入極大的關注在「人」的心靈世界，極度重視人的應然和靈性特質，遂都肯定人除了有現實病態的類型外，亦有超越的理想人格。而理想人格是體現「人極」的人格形象，也是人生哲學理論宗旨的標誌。故而，本文擬以比較對話的方式，一方面通過西方超個人心理學的理路，分析莊子的理想人格；一方面藉由中西方同異離合的人格圖譜，尋找其背後思想和文化的意涵，進而探討如何對治現代人的心理問題。

Modern western psychology has been vigorously developed through continuously and dominantly exporting and permeating western technology and civilization into the whole world. Speaking of counseling or psychiatry in the field of psychology in Taiwan, most of them are based on the Behaviorism and Psychoanalysis. The third force, the Humanism, has been paid less attention. Yet, the development and the application of the forth force, Transpersonal Psychology, is unvalued. The word, “Psychology,” is the combination of “psyche,” which means “spirituality,” and “logos,” which means “science.” The definition of “psychology” is the science of spirituality. The forth force, the Transpersonal Psychology, approximates to the original idea of psychology because the Transpersonal Psychology emphasizes beings’ subjectivity and approves human beings’ high spirituality. We would analyze Zhuangzi’s ideal personality based on western Transpersonal Psychology by comparing conversations and also we would look for thoughts and cultural insight of diverse personalities in this article. Furthermore, we would discuss the way to react human beings’ psychological problems of nowadays.