從命名看古人的醫療心理─以戰國、秦、漢私名璽印為例

A Discussion of Ancient Medical Psychology from the Perspective of Naming: Using Private Name Seals of the Warring States Period and Qin-Han Dynasties as Examples

自古以來，醫學理論中特別重視預防勝於治療，既為了防範於未然，也是一種對身體健康的期待。《黃帝內經》云:「是故聖人不治已病治未病，不治已亂治未亂。」真可謂一語中的。
《素問• 舉痛論》提及「九氣」即九種病因會引起「氣」的變化，其中「思則心有所存」， 即心理因素使然，思慮清明，則正氣順流，無氣結之憂。《淮南子• 原道》云：「中之得則五藏寧，思慮平，筋力勁強，耳目聰明。」傳統中醫學講求陰陽協調，亦強調「心」可以主宰「氣」的運行，這在醫療心理上亦起著積極的作用。而古人深明此理，從命名的選擇那一刻開始，已道出內心慇切的期盼，而每日唸著「去病」和「去疾」等名字，祈求遠離疾病的擔憂或痛楚，或者起碼藉此尋求心靈上的慰藉，並懷抱著保持身體健康的那份喜悅。
本文擬利用戰國、秦、漢私名璽印所見與病、疾有關命名，例如「去疾」、「去病」、「棄疾」、「疾已」、「病已」、「生病」、「疾目」、「」、「癰」、「瘳」等例子，探討時人由於設身處地的憂慮，乃藉助主觀的心理意願，驅除或抵禦對疾病的侵害，或許可認同為另類醫療心理應用的體現。

For decades, Chinese medicine has placed special emphasis on the theory of “prevention is better than cure”, which could be regarded as a kind of health expectation of ancient people. And the concept was further illustrated by Haungdi Naijing (《黃帝內經》) which stated that “the sage doesn’t cure the sick but cure the healthy, and doesn’t cure the disordered but cure the ordered”.
This article intends to use private names that are related to illness, such as “Quzhi” ( 去疾), “Qubing” ( 去病), “Qizhi”( 棄疾), “Zhiyi” ( 疾已), “Bingyi” ( 病已), “Shengbing” ( 生病), “Zhimu” ( 疾目), “Yong” ( 癰) “Gu”( ) and “Chou” ( 瘳), in seals of the Warring States period and Qin-Han Dynasties as examples to illustrate how ancient people dispelled and resisted against diseases with the aid of subjective mental desire which was also attributed to concerns about others, and finally suggests that such seal names could also be considered as reflections of unconventional medical psychology at that time.