由環境正義觀點看美濃反水庫運動

The Meinong Anti-Dam Movement: An Environmental Justice Perspective

台灣在發展主義的思維模式帶動下，積極以國家的力量主導水庫興建，短短幾十年內蓋了四十餘座水庫，分別座落於原住民山區或各山居地帶。興建水庫雖有明顯的經濟利益，但其背後卻潛藏無數的環境危害。水庫工程除了有程序上的不公正，在社會分配上也出現優勢族群享受到大多數的環境利益，卻多由弱勢族群承擔環境負擔的不公平現象，而環境負擔包括了自然資源及經濟利益、文化多樣性及生態多樣性的喪失，嚴重的分配失衡造成許多環境不正義案例。美濃居民組織的反水庫運動是台灣第一個以反水庫為標的的環保類社會運動，在20年的抗爭史上，揭露出政府在推動興建計畫的過程、興建理由及反水庫運動者的訴求，與美國環境正義運動的發生過程及其後所形塑的理念精神皆不謀而合，可謂台灣版的水庫環境正義運動。本文運用環境正義觀點檢視發生在美濃客家地區反水庫的環境爭議事件，希望藉此呈現美濃水庫興建計畫在程序上及在實質的環境利益與負擔分配上的缺失，並反映美濃反水庫運動所表達出的環境正義精神。

Influenced by a developmental thinking mode, the government of Taiwan has actively promoted dam construction, building over 40 dams in aboriginal and residential mountain areas in only 10 years. Although the construction of a dam has significant short-term economic benefits, it also has an extremely negative influence on the surrounding environment. Besides procedural injustices, dam projects also exhibit the phenomenon of unfair social distribution. Specifically, dominant groups or ethnicities have access to the majority of the dam’s economic benefits, whereas the disadvantaged bear the environmental burdens. These burdens include the loss of natural resources, economic benefits, and cultural and ecological diversity, and imbalances in their distribution has led to numerous environmental injustice cases. The Anti-Dam Movement organized by the residents of Meinong was Taiwan’s first environmental social movement for protesting dams. The results of this 20-year protest show that the governmental processes for promoting construction projects, construction reasons, and the demands of the anti-dam protesters in Taiwan correspond to the processes and post-movement concepts of the American Environmental Justice Movement. Thus, the Anti-Dam Movement is an Environmental Justice Movement in Taiwan. This study adopted an environmental justice perspective to examine the anti-dam environmental issues in the Meinong Hakka area. Through our observations, we aimed to identify the failings of the Meinong Reservoir construction project and processes, and distributions of substantial environmental benefits and burdens. Finally, we explained the environmental justice ideals advocated by the Meinong Anti-Dam Movement.