英教育家F. Clarke民主教育理念之探究   全文下載

F. Clarke’s Ideas of Democratic Education

本文旨在探究英國教育家F. Clarke（1880-1952）之民主教育理念，主要闡述Clarke民主理念之三大要點，亦即「平等與選擇」、「國家與社群」及「自由與責任」，以及此三大要點分別在中等教育、教育行政及公民素養教育等三方面的意涵。首先，Clarke主張有機的平等概念，並呼籲根據學生不同的性向和能力提供適當的中等教育。其次，Clarke堅持國家和社群不能等同，並劃定國家教育功能的範圍，同時提倡由中央、地方和教師專業組織組成之「三方夥伴關係」。最後，Clarke強調「負責任的自由」，並重視培養公民對於社群的責任。Clarke此三大方面的民主教育理念不僅體現了「自由主義式的民主」（liberaldemocracy）的精神，更極具英式民主的特徵。透過對於Clarke之民主教育理念的研究，本文不僅揭示了英國於1930至1940年代民主教育的主流論述，更有助於深化吾人對於英國從19世紀初到20世紀中葉之民主理論發展的瞭解。

This paper aims to examine Fred Clarke’s ideas of democratic education. Clarke (1880-1952) was a well-known English educationist in the mid-twentieth century. Throughout his life, he was concerned about the development of democratic education and contributed himself to the establishment of a democratic social order. Although Clarke’s ideas of democratic education were scattered throughout his essays, speech notes and lecture notes rather than concentrated in one or two major works, three of his key themes are discussed in this paper: “equality and selection,” “the State and the community,” and “freedom and responsibility.” The ideas are all embodied in the ideals of liberal democracy and the essence of British democracy. Moreover, these three themes are elaborated in this paper in relation to secondary education, educational administration and citizenship education respectively. Through the study on Clarke’s ideas, this paper not only reveals the predominant discourses of democratic education in the 1930s and 1940s in Britain, but also sheds some light on the historical development of democratic theories from the nineteenth century to the mid-twentieth century.