錢謙益遺著於清代的出版及「典律化」歷程

Processes of Publication and Canonization of Qian Qianyi in Qing Times

十七世紀明清之際，錢謙益(1582-1664)乃「四海宗盟五十年」的文壇宗主，此學者無異詞，但錢氏以南明弘光朝禮部尚書之身降清仕清，淪為「貳臣」，當時後世，不恥其為人，亦是情理中事矣。有謂「大節有虧，其餘皆不足觀」，錢氏歿後，欲為錢氏謀一身後名，或欲保存、刊刻、流通其「文學遺產」於世，主其事者，必須向讀者解釋，錢謙益其人既大節有損，為何還有必要閱讀其作品，以及提點讀者，該如何比較正確地理解錢謙益。筆者發現，在錢氏歿後出現的悼文、傳記，以及歷次刊行錢氏遺作的序跋文字中，漸次形成一條錢氏通往「典律化」的路徑。本文對錢謙益遺著在清代的「典律化」歷程作一整體、系統性的考述，以觀察、理解錢謙益由明末清初走向後世的、「典律化」的曲折歷程，以及其「接受史」。

Qian Qianyi (Muzhai, 1582-1664) was undoubtedly one of the most gifted writers of the Ming-Qing dynastic transition. Qian was, however, disdained by many in the public as a political opportunist who turned his allegiance to the conquering Qing as the Ming dynasty crumbled. In a culture which prized morality and integrity, Qian's path to glory was difficult and thorny. When posthumous editions of Qian's previously unpublished or partially published works appeared, the people who helped compile and publish these works always had to explain why it was worth publishing the works of a reportedly morally controversial person, and explain to the readership how Qian should be understood. From the reminiscences of his contemporaries and successive prefaces and postscripts to his posthumous books of varying dates, there emerges a collective discourse on Qian that led to his eventual canonization in the late Qing. This paper gives a systematic account of the laborious and difficult processes involved in publishing and canonizing Qian, spanning the seventeenth to the twentieth centuries.