規範證成與歸責──限制犯罪概念之基礎（譯文）

Norm justification and attribution－Basics of a Restrictive Concept of Crime

本文的核心議題乃是處理如何區分正犯與共犯與其不法的基礎。首先指明現今被刑法理論所接受的因果關係理論，尤其是等價的因果關係概念會使正犯與共犯無法區分，因為所有造成結果的條件都被視為等價。其次指明犯罪支配理論欠缺基礎。本文從限制犯罪理論出發，正犯與共犯的區分乃是法定構成要件的實現，正犯是實現屬於自身法定構成要件，而共犯則是實現非屬於自身的犯罪構成要件。實現法定構成要件乃是侵害受保護法權(Right)地位的行為。因此間接正犯的不法來自於濫用工具人不可歸責而違法干預工具人之決定自由。共同正犯的不法來自於共同正犯參與實現共同計畫的相互歸責。教唆犯之不法乃是促進正犯對於實現主行為的決定性動機，幫助犯則是除去主行為在實踐上的困難。

Any distinction between different forms of participation in crime begins with the concept of the criminal act itself. The conventional notions of equivalent causality and objective imputation cannot delimit the concept of the act. This article therefore argues in favor of a different understanding based on agent causality. Co-perpetration and indirect perpetration are then forms of imputation.