義憤殺人罪的性別圖像

The Gendered Portrayal of the Murders Motivated by Righteous Indignation

刑法第二百七十三條：「當場激於義憤殺人者，處七年以下有期徒刑。」本條係規範在義憤情緒驅動下的殺人行為，其要件包含「當場」、「激於義憤」。對於義憤殺人罪的適用時機，學術界與實務界的見解分歧，學者普遍認為義憤應係基於「公義」，實務上卻多依循刑法第二次修正案對義憤的見解：「所謂出於義憤者，例如因自己或親屬受莫大之侮辱，或妻子與人通姦等情節是也」而將自己或親屬受侮辱與妻子與人通姦視為足堪激起義憤的典型事例。
在前述的兩種情境中，顯露義憤的想像係以自己與家庭為基本思想脈絡，展現傳統東方社會對家庭倫理的重視，從而基於維護家族顏面的行動自應有別於普通殺人罪的評價。然而看似客觀、中性的適用條件，卻隱含以男性作為典範主體的意涵，使得男性所在乎、關注的議題被廣泛認可，而當女性以其他理由嘗試適用義憤殺人罪時，卻在行為動機、時機與作案手法上皆難以符合義憤的框架，顯露既定的性別圖像存在排除女性適用的疑慮。
本論文旨在探討義憤殺人罪的法律框架與其所隱含的性別圖像。透過法制史研究方法、比較法學研究方法與法實證研究方法，嘗試回應以下研究問題：（1）從法制史觀點探查義憤概念的原型與現代法制的異同；（2）分析我國義憤殺人罪與英美法相似法制（Provocation）的歷史沿革與發展進程之間的對照關係；（3）以法實證研究深入探討義憤殺人罪的性別圖像及其對女性帶來的敘事限制。
研究發現：義憤的概念承襲自中國古代社會看待姦情案件的思維，仍潛藏著對女性的性道德約束，這種男性觀點在現代法治中被客觀化，卻忽視女性的情緒體驗，導致女性在適用義憤殺人罪時出現明顯的適用困境與敘事障礙。對此，英美法的Provocation存在相似的問題，但由於女性在司法體系中長久的弱勢地位，改革路線上動輒得咎，唯恐變動使女性在司法體系中的處境更加艱難。回到我國，義憤殺人罪應從重新檢視義憤的定義開始，分割家庭倫理與義憤的關係，以及更進一步思考義憤殺人罪存在的社會意義。

This thesis aims to explore the legal framework of murders motivated by righteous
indignation and the implicit gendered portrayals embedded in the text and practices. It employs historical legal research methods, comparative law studies, and empirical legal research methods and attempts to accomplish the following research goals: first, this thesis identifies the similarities and differences of the concept of righteous indignation in Ching laws and modern legal system in Taiwan from a legal historical perspective.
Secondly, this thesis further dives into the historical evolution and development of murders motivated by righteous indignation in Taiwan, and compares it to the legal development of ’Provocation,’ a similar legal concept in Anglo-American law. Last but not least, it not only further employs quantitative gender analysis of the court ecisions on murders motivated by righteous indignation but also conduct qualitative narrative analysis on selected decisions to explore the gender bias behind the law of righteous indignation.
This research finds that the concept of righteous indignation perpetuated gender bias from ancient times to modern practice and still embodies hidden sexual moral control on women. This male-centered norm has been objectified in modern legal systems, neglecting the emotional experiences of women and resulting in significant difficulties for women in the cases of women’s murders motivated by righteous indignation. The findings are consistent with the studies and criticism on provocation in Anglo-American law made by feminist scholars.
Consequently, this thesis suggests that it shall be reminded that the practices of the crime motivated by righteous indignation was still perpetuated by gender bias, and therefore the necessity of and significance of the existence of this crime shall be reexamined.